Automatic software production system

ABSTRACT

An automated software production system is provided, in which system requirements are captured, converted into a formal specification, and validated for correctness and completeness. In addition, a translator is provided to automatically generate a complete, robust software application based on the validated formal specification, including user-interface code and error handling code.

This is a continuation-in-part application of a prior U.S. patent application filed 4 April 2000, Ser. No. 09/543,085. The present invention relates to computer systems and more particularly to an automatic software production system and methodology.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims subject matter that is related to the subject matter claimed in two other continuation-in-part applications entitled “Automatic Software Production System”, filed on ______ and ______ and having serial numbers ______ and ______.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING APPENDIX

The assembly code computer program listing having file name TOTAL.ASM size 39,107,073 bytes, created on May 23, 2001 which was submitted in duplicate with this patent application on a single CD-ROM is hereby incorporated by reference. The file is in TXT format on a disc compatible with IBM-PCs and the Windows 98 operating system, and can be opened by any word processor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Software engineering is the application of a systematic and disciplined approach to the development and maintenance of computer programs, applications, and other software systems. Due to the increasing computerization of the world's economy, the need for effective software engineering methodologies is more important than ever.

The traditional software development process involves a number of phases. First, the requirements of the program are specified, typically in the form of a written specification document based on customer needs. Then, a software developer writes source code to implement the requirements, for example, by designing data structures and coding the system logic. Finally, the software developer undergoes an extensive testing and debugging phase in which mistakes and ambiguities in the requirements are identified and errors in the software code are fixed. Having to refine the system requirements is one of the most serious problems that might occur, because any modification to the requirements necessitates a redevelopment of the source code, starting the process all over again. Thus, the testing and debugging phase is the longest phase in the software engineering process and the most difficult to estimate completion times.

For the past forty years, there have been many attempts to improve isolated portions of the software engineering process. For example, the creation of first higher-level languages such as FORTRAN and then of structured programming languages such as ALGOL has helped ease the burden of implementing the system logic. As another example, the introduction of object-oriented methodologies has helped in the design and implementation of the data structures. These improvements in the software engineering process have lessened the mismatch between the problem space, which is the Conceptual Model for the application, and the solution space, which is the actual software code. Nevertheless, some mismatch between the problem space and the solution space remains, which gives rise to an opportunity for programming errors. Because of the programming errors, it is necessary to undergo an extensive testing and debugging phase to isolate and fix the software faults.

Lately, there has been some interest in the use of “requirements analysis” and Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) to facilitate the first phase of the software engineering process, which is the identification and specification of the requirements. In particular, these approaches attempt to allow for software engineers to formally specify the requirements and build a prototype to validate and test the requirements. After the requirements are tested, the prototype is discarded and the software engineer develops the complete software application based on the requirements.

One example is known as “OMTROLL”, whose objective is to assist software designers by means of an Object Modeling Technique (OMT)-compliant graphical notation to build the formal specification of the system. This specification is based on the TROLL specification language and has to be refined to a complete system specification. In addition, OMTROLL has a CASE support called TrollWorkbench, which provides a prototyping function by generating an independently executable prototype from a graphical conceptual specification. The prototype generated is a C++ program that includes the static/dynamic aspects of the system and uses an Ingress database as a repository of the specification.

OBLOG is another object-oriented approach for software development that falls within the scope of the European ESPRIT project IS-CORE (Information Systems-Correctness and Reusability). The OBLOG semantics is formalized in the context of the theory of categories. OBLOG also employs a CASE tool for introducing the specifications that has been introduced, and enables a developer to build a prototype by supplying rewrite rules to convert the specifications into code for the prototype. The rewrite rules must be written using a specific language provided by OBLOG.

Another approach that focuses more on levels of formalism is the Object System Analysis model (OSA). The aim of OSA is to develop a method that enables system designers to work with different levels of formalism, ranging from informal to mathematically rigorous. In this context, this kind of tunable formalism encourages both theoreticians and practitioners to work with the same model allowing them to explore the difficulties encountered in making model and languages equivalent and resolve these difficulties in the context of OSA for a particular language. OSA also has a CASE support tool called IPOST, which can generate a prototype from an OSA model to validate the requirements.

A different approach has been proposed by SOFL (Structured-Object-based-Formal Language), whose aim is to address the integration of formal methods into established industrial software processes using an integration of formal methods, structured analysis and specifications, and an object-based method. SOFL facilitates the transformation from requirements specifications in a structured style to a design in an object-based style and facilitates the transformation from designs to programs in the appropriate style. In accordance with the previous arguments, the SOFL proposal attempts to overcome the fact that formal methods have not been largely used in industry, by finding mechanisms to link object-oriented methodology and structured techniques with formal methods, e.g. VDM (Vienna Development Method) style semantics for its specification modules. Combining structured and objected-oriented techniques in a single method, however, makes it difficult to clarify the method semantics; thus, effective tool support is necessary for checking consistency.

Still another approach is known as TRADE (Toolkit for Requirements and Design Engineering), whose conceptual framework distinguishes external system interactions from internal components. TRADE contains techniques from structured and object-oriented specification and design methods. A graphical editor called TCM (Toolkit for Conceptual Modeling) is provided to support the TRADE framework.

Although these approaches are of some help for the first phase, i.e. in refining the requirements before the computer application is coded, they do not address the main source for the lack of productivity during later phases of the software engineering process, namely the programming and testing/debugging phases. For example, once the requirements are identified, the software engineer typically discards the prototype generated by most of these approaches and then designs and implements the requirements in a standard programming language such as C++. The newly developed code, due to the mismatch between the problem space and the solution space, will commonly contain coding errors and will need to be extensively tested and debugged.

Even if the prototype is not discarded and used as skeleton for the final application, the software developer must still develop additional code, especially to implement the user interface and error processing. In this case, there still remains the need for testing and debugging the code the programmer has written. The rule-rewriting approach of OBLOG, moreover, fails to address this need, because the difficulties associated with programming are merely shifted one level back, to the development of the rewriting rules in an unfamiliar, proprietary language.

Other approaches include those of Rational and Sterling, but these are not based on a formal language.

Therefore, there exists a long-felt need for improving the software engineering process, especially for reducing the amount of time spent in the programming and testing phases. In addition, a need exists for a way to reducing programming errors during the course of developing a robust software application. Furthermore, there is also a need for facilitating the maintenance of software applications when their requirements have changed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

These and other needs are addressed by the present invention.

There are at least three points of novelty that represent separate subsytems or subgenus inventions in an overall system employing the teachings of the invention.

The first point of novelty is the front end processing to create what is referred to herein as the Conceptual Model in a formal language or symbology (that can be represented by a data structure in a computer and which has rules that can be used for validation) that can be validated to make sure the Conceptual Model is syntactically complete, semantically correct and not ambiguous. That is, the validation process finds holes left in information needed to complete the Conceptual Model of the problem, makes sure everything in the formal specification makes sense (semantically correct) and makes sure no ambiguities exist. The Conceptual Model is typically written as statements in any known or new formal language which has rules of syntax and semantics (together referred to as grammar) which are known to the validator. It is these rules of syntax and semantics that the validator uses to verify the completeness, correctness and lack of ambiguity of the formal specification.

A formal language is a language: 1) there is an agreed upon syntax to every statement defining the proper structure of the component parts of the statement; and 2) there is agreed upon semantics meaning that every term is defined and has one and only one meaning. An example of known formal language is Oasis. It is these characteristics of the formal language in which the Conceptual Model is recorded in a high level repository which allow the Conceptual Model to be validated. Validation is an important process in the front end processing, because it is validation which guarantees that the problem to be solved by the code to be written has been stated in complete, correct and non ambiguous terms, and it is these factors which lead to complete, correct and bug-free code.

Known formal languages do not have to be used, and some new symbology may be used to record the Conceptual Model. However, whatever symbology is used, it must have the three above defined characteristics of a formal language and therefore the symbology would be a new formal language of its own. Thus, the term formal language in the claims is intended to mean any known or new formal language which is defined by the following characteristics: 1) there is an agreed upon syntax to every statement; and 2) there is agreed upon semantics to every statement. Syntax is the fixed and agreed upon structure of statements in the model. In the non formal English language, syntax is defined in the American Heritage Dictionary as “The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences.” Alternatively, syntax is defined as “The pattern of formation of sentences or phrases in a language.” Semantics is the meaning of various parts of the formal language or symbology statements. In a formal language or symbology that must be used to practice the invention, semantics means everything is defined and has one and only one meaning so there can be no ambiguity caused by multiple meanings for the same term.

The combination of syntax and semantics is referred to herein as the grammar of the formal language. A formal language may, in some ways, be thought of as mathematically based such that it can be mathematically validated to make sure that every needed concept, argument or value is present and there are no inconsistencies in the information gathered and the gathered information is not ambiguous.

In the preferred species described herein, the process of creating the Conceptual Model is done using a graphical user interface to represent the various objects, etc. that comprise the model visually. In other embodiments, the Conceptual Model may be drafted directly in a formal language using a plain old text-based interface or any word processing application. This is done by a SOSY modeler after determining the nature of the problem to be solved and all the other information needed to model the code to be written in a formal language. As long as the Conceptual Model is written in a formal language, it can be validated, and that validation process is a key factor in generating complete and error free code. This substantially reduces the time to market for the application's final code.

The applicants feel that the front end processing to generated a high level repository in a formal language that records the details of the Conceptual Model is an invention standing alone. This is because this high level repository can be coded manually and there will be far fewer errors caused by incomplete information, ambiguous terms, etc.

To automatically write a complete working program from the formal specification requires at least one translator program that controls said computer to process the formal specification into working code in some target computer language such as Visual Basic, C++, assembly code for any microprocessor, etc. At least a system logic translator is required to convert the requirements of the formal specification into working code that can be interpreted or compiled into a program that can control a computer to do the functions modelled in the Conceptual Model. In some applications where, for example, the program to be written is buried inside a big machine such as an MRI machine and there is no user interface and no data structure or persistence layer needed, the single translator may be enough.

However, the preferred species uses four translators which process the high level repository into working system logic code in the target language, a user interface, a database schema and documentation. In other words, regardless of how the Conceptual Model created by the front end processing is translated into working code, the process of creating the Conceptual model (comprised of the Object Model, the Dynamic Model, the Functional Model and the Presentation Model) and validating it is believed to be new.

It is the agreed upon syntax and semantics of the formal language or symbology in which the data elements in the Conceptual Model are expressed which allows the Conceptual Model of the problem to be solved to be validated. Validation means that there are no missing elements of data needed to complete the model, all mathematical expressions are well formed and make sense, and all statements in the model are semantically correct and made in the correct syntax, and that there are no ambiguities. For example, if a statement in the model attempted to add a floating point number to an alphanumeric string, that would be semantically incorrect, and would be detected in the validation process.

All species in the front end subgenus will share the characteristic of creating a Conceptual Model of the problem to be solved in an already known formal language or in a new language with agreed upon syntax and semantics such that the model can be validated as complete, correctly stated semantically speaking and not ambiguous.

The validation process does not confirm that the model created correctly models the problem. That is up to the SOSY modeler, also referred to herein as the “user” (a person trained in creation of Conceptual Models and trained in the syntax and semantics of the formal language or symbology being used if a graphical user interface is not being used) that gathers the data and rules of the problem that get encoded into the Conceptual Model. The validation process simply applies all the rules of the syntax and semantics to the statements in the formal language that give the definition of every object and class to make sure all statements are complete, semantically correct and not ambiguous.

The second point of novelty subgenus relates to how the Conceptual Model is actually built by the SOSY modeler. In the preferred species within this first subgenus, the Conceptual Model is built by using a graphical user interface to define objects and relationships between objects, state transitions and most if not all the other items that go into the Conceptual Model that is encoded into the formal language. This just makes it easier for the SOSY modeler to use the formal language by alleviating the need for the SOSY modeler to know all the details of the syntax and semantics of the formal language. In other species within the first subgenus however, the SOSY modeler can use a text based interface or any other type of interface to record the statements which together comprise the Conceptual Model.

The only things that are essential to the invention of the first point of novelty are that the Conceptual Model be recorded in some formal language and that it be validated. Exactly how these events occur in a particular species within the first subgenus is not critical. For example, some validation processes within the first subgenus may start with one rule and apply it to every statement in the high level repository (the formal language statements that encode the Conceptual Model) in a first pass and then do the same thing for every other rule of syntax and semantics in the formal language definition. Other species may start with the first statement in the high level repository and apply all the rules against it and repeat this process for every statement. Other species may start at the first statement and process it to make sure it complies with every applicable rule and then repeat this process for every other statement.

The third point of novelty is the backend processing to convert the statements in the high level repository to working system logic code targeted for some specific platform, operating system and high level language, and a user interface (if applicable) and a database (if applicable) and documentation (if applicable). This is the work done by translators.

There are four translators used in most applications: a system logic translator; a user interface translator; a database generator; and a documentation generator. The system logic translator represents one or more processes that convert the statements in the high level repository into computer code that implements the system logic in the target language that makes the correct function calls to the target operating system to accomplish various functions required by the Conceptual Model. In other words, the system logic translator is a translator that writes the code that actually carries out the processing of all the services defined in the objects defined by the Conceptual Model to alter the values of attributes of various objects, call services of other objects, etc. to carry out the overall function of the program.

An object is a programming construct that has data in the form of attributes and services which are programs which control the computer to do whatever function the service is designed to do. The services defined for an object carry out processing appropriate to the existence and meaning of the object in the overall Conceptual Model and, generally, are invoked through application programmatic interfaces or APIs.

The details of the structure and operation of the translator species within the subgenus “system logic translator” vary from one input formal language and one output target language to the next, but all species within the “system logic translator” subgenus share certain characteristics. All species will have to: provide the object system view; identify the object server code that executes each service defined for each object; receive the service arguments; send a message to each object server; check the state transitions; check the preconditions; fulfill valuations defined in each object; check integrity constraints; and test trigger relationships. What these characteristics mean will be described in greater detail in the detailed description section.

There is also a translator that defines the structure of a database (referred to herein as a persistence) that stores the values of all the attributes of all objects thereby defining the state of every object. Although the details of various species vary with formal language of the input and the target database type, all species within this subgenus of database translators share the following characteristics: 1) all species will get the values of all attributes of all the objects in all the classes; and 2) all species will store these attribute values at any particular point in time in the desired form or data structure such that the value of any attribute of any object can be obtained by the system logic.

There is also a translator that creates documentation. Again, the details of the species within this subgenus vary from one type of target language and desired documentation to the next, but all species within this subgenus will share the following characteristics: 1) all species will go to the four models that are part of the Conceptual Model and copy the information from the models that is needed to generate the required documentation such as object definitions, class names and definitions, etc.; and 2) write the required documentation in a predetermined file format. In some species, the system will go to a data model or configuration data to determine which documentation to produce, and then perform steps 1 and 2 above.

Finally, there is also a genus of translators that create code to implement the user interface if a user interface is needed for the program being developed. However, some species of the overall system of the invention create code which works inside some apparatus in a manner which is not visible to the user so there is no user interface. Such system species do not need a user interface translator. All species within the subgenus of user interface translators will share the following characteristics: 1) all species will at least identify the user; 2) provide a object system view that is appropriate to the user that logged in and only allows that user to perform functions within that user's privilege level; 3) write code to identify the correct object server(s), i.e., the computer program that implements the particular service(s) the user is allowed to and has elected to invoke; 4) write code to request and receive or retrieve from sources other than the user the service arguments needed to invoke the service the user wishes to invoke and check whether the input received is valid or within a valid restricted range and to check for dependencies (if dependencies exist) between arguments and, if a dependency exists, and a user input triggers a dependency, to display the appropriate field to enter the needed to satisfy the dependency; 5) write code to invoke the service and send the service the appropriate arguments; and 6) wait for results and display an error message if an error has occurred, or, if no error has occurred, display any results which result from execution of the service and then wait for another user input.

Each species in a subgenus will do the generically stated functions that define the subgenus, but will do them in a different way which is dependent upon the target platform, operating system and high level language in which the output is to be generated.

The system of the example described in the detailed description below, both the front end and back end (translation) processing is implemented. The front end processing captures the system requirements graphically (e.g. through a graphical user interface), converts the four models so created into a formal specification, and validates a high level repository written in a formal language from the four models for correctness and completeness. In the back end processing, a translator is provided to automatically generate a complete, robust software application based on the validated formal specification.

By generating the application code from the validated formal specification, error-free source code strategies can be employed, freeing the developer from having to manually produce the source code or extend an incomplete prototype. Therefore, the error-prone, manual programming phase of the traditional software engineering process is eliminated, and the testing and debugging time is greatly reduced. In one example, the software development time of an application was reduced to 2.02% (or 8.5% worst case) of the original time. In other words, performance has been benchmarked by a reputable software tool evaluation company to be 12 to 47 times faster than similar projects using other competing software products. Software maintenance is also reduced, because the traditional coding, testing, and revalidation cycles are eliminated.

One aspect of the present invention springs from the insight that ambiguity is a major source of programming errors associated with conventional object-oriented and higher-order programming languages such as C++. Accordingly, an automated software production tool, software, and methodology are provided, in which a graphical user interface is presented to allow a user to input unambiguous formal requirements for the software application. Based on the formal requirements input for the software application, a formal specification for the software application is produced and validated, from which the software application is generated. By generating the software application directly from an unambiguous, validated formal specification, the software developer can avoid the programming errors associated with conventional programming languages, and instead work directly in the problem space. In one embodiment, error handling instructions are also produced when the software application is generated so as to create a robust, final software application.

Another aspect of the present invention stems from the realization that a major source of inadequacy of conventional prototyping techniques is that these techniques lack the capability to specify the user interface aspects. Thus, such conventional prototypes have primitive user interfaces that are unacceptable for final, customer-ready software application. Accordingly, this aspect of the invention relates to an automated software production tool, software, and methodology that includes a formal specification of a Conceptual Model that specifies requirements for a software application. The Conceptual Model includes a presentation model that specifies patterns for a user interface of the software application. The formal specification, which also specifies the presentation model is validated; and the software application is then generated based on the validated formal specification. As a result, the generated software application includes instructions for handling the user interface in accordance with the patterns specified in the presentation model.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 depicts a computer system that can be used to implement an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the high-level architecture and data flows of an automatic software production system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an object model for a library system with readers, books, and loans.

FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary state transition diagram in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4B illustrates an exemplary object interaction diagram in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary dialog for receiving input for the functional model.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating the high level view of the operation of translating a formal specification into a full application by following what it is referred to as “execution model”.”

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram representing the sequence of functions that all translators in the subgenus of user interface translators will perform.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of the functions that all species of the subgenus database translator 236 must perform.

FIG. 9A is a screenshot of the dialog box to create the class which simply involves giving it a name.

FIG. 9B is screenshot of a graphic interface box showing the classes that have been defined to store the pertinent information and provide the pertinent services to implement a computer program that meets the above defined requirements. Defining these classes starts the process of building the Formal Specification in the high level repository.

FIG. 9C is a screenshot of the dialog box to modify the properties of an aggregation relationship between any two classes specified in the dialog box.

FIG. 10 is a dialog box to create the relationships between specified classes and which graphically shows the relationships so created and all the properties of those relationships.

FIG. 11(A) shows the dialog box used to define the attributes for the Expense class with their properties. This dialog box is used to define whether each attribute is constant, variable or derived, the type of data it contains and other things.

FIG. 11(B) is the dialog box used to fill in the formulas used for derivation of the values of attributes of classes from the values of other attributes.

FIG. 12 shows a dialog box which a SOSY modeler uses to define the services of the Expense class with their arguments.

FIG. 13 is a screenshot of the dialog box used to create one formula in a local transaction carried out by a composed service (single services are called events, and composed services are called local transactions).

FIG. 14 a dialog box used by the modeler to enter the integrity constraint formula and error message text of “Expense” class.

FIG. 15 is a dialog box to enter the functional model formulas that define evaluation of the attribute “cause” with the “modify” event (an event is a single service). The functional model relates services mathematically through well-formed formulas to the values of attributes these services act upon.

FIG. 16 is a dialog box which can be used by the SOSY modeller to establish the services the user “accountuser” can access and the visibility of class attributes for this user on the user interface.

FIG. 17 is one of the two graphical user interface diagrams of the dynamic model on which the SOSY modeler has drawn a graphic illustrating the state transitions for the “expense” class.

FIG. 18 is a dialog box used by the SOSY modeler to establish this precondition.

FIG. 19 is a dialog box used by the SOSY modeler to establish the set of attributes which will be displayed for the “expense” class.

FIG. 20 shows the dialog box used by the SOSY modeler to establish the searching criteria for the expense class, and indicate the filter formula to use and which variables to request from the user.

FIG. 21 is a flow diagram defining the characteristics that all species in the genus of user documentation translators will share.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

An automatic software production system is described. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention.

Hardware Overview

FIG. 1 is a block diagram that illustrates a computer system 100 upon which an embodiment of the invention may be implemented. Computer system 100 includes a bus 102 or other communication mechanism for communicating information, and a processor 104 coupled with bus 102 for processing information. Computer system 100 also includes a main memory 106, such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, coupled to bus 102 for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor 104. Main memory 106 also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor 104. Computer system 100 further includes a read only memory (ROM) 108 or other static storage device coupled to bus 102 for storing static information and instructions for processor 104. A storage device 110, such as a magnetic disk or optical disk, is provided and coupled to bus 102 for storing information and instructions.

Computer system 100 may be coupled via bus 102 to a display 112, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), for displaying information to a computer user. An input device 114, including alphanumeric and other keys, is coupled to bus 102 for communicating information and command selections to processor 104. Another type of user input device is cursor control 116, such as a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys for communicating direction information and command selections to processor 104 and for controlling cursor movement on display 112. This input device typically has two degrees of freedom in two axes, a first axis (e.g., x) and a second axis (e.g., y), that allows the device to specify positions in a plane.

The invention is related to the use of computer system 100 for automatic software production. According to one embodiment of the invention, automatic software production is provided by computer system 100 in response to processor 104 executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in main memory 106. Such instructions may be read into main memory 106 from another computer-readable medium, such as storage device 110. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in main memory 106 causes processor 104 to perform the process steps described herein. One or more processors in a multi-processing arrangement may also be employed to execute the sequences of instructions contained in main memory 106. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement the invention. Thus, embodiments of the invention are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.

The term “computer-readable medium” as used herein refers to any medium that participates in providing instructions to processor 104 for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device 110. Volatile media include dynamic memory, such as main memory 106. Transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise bus 102. Transmission media can also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read.

Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to processor 104 for execution. For example, the instructions may initially be borne on a magnetic disk of a remote computer. The remote computer can load the instructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions over a telephone line using a modem. A modem local to computer system 100 can receive the data on the telephone line and use an infrared transmitter to convert the data to an infrared signal. An infrared detector coupled to bus 102 can receive the data carried in the infrared signal and place the data on bus 102. Bus 102 carries the data to main memory 106, from which processor 104 retrieves and executes the instructions. The instructions received by main memory 106 may optionally be stored on storage device 110 either before or after execution by processor 104.

Computer system 100 also includes a communication interface 118 coupled to bus 102. Communication interface 118 provides a two-way data communication coupling to a network link 120 that is connected to a local network 122. For example, communication interface 118 may be an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card or a modem to provide a data communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. As another example, communication interface 118 may be a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN. Wireless links may also be implemented. In any such implementation, communication interface 118 sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams representing various types of information.

Network link 120 typically provides data communication through one or more networks to other data devices. For example, network link 120 may provide a connection through local network 122 to a host computer 124 or to data equipment operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP) 126. ISP 126 in turn provides data communication services through the worldwide packet data communication network, now commonly referred to as the “Internet” 128. Local network 122 and Internet 128 both use electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams. The signals through the various networks and the signals on network link 120 and through communication interface 118, which carry the digital data to and from computer system 100, are exemplary forms of carrier waves transporting the information.

Computer system 100 can send messages and receive data, including program code, through the network(s), network link 120, and communication interface 118. In the Internet example, a server 130 might transmit a requested code for an application program through Internet 128, ISP 126, local network 122 and communication interface 118. In accordance with the invention, one such downloaded application provides for automatic software production as described herein. The received code may be executed by processor 104 as it is received, and/or stored in storage device 110, or other non-volatile storage for later execution. In this manner, computer system 100 may obtain application code in the form of a carrier wave.

Conceptual Overview

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the high-level architecture and data flows of an automatic software production system 202 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The automatic software production system 202 is configured to accept requirements 200 as input, and produce a complete, robust application 204 (including both system logic and user-interface code), a database schema 206, and documentation 208. In one implementation, the automatic software production system 202 includes a Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tool 210 front end to allow a user to input the requirements, a validator 220 for validating the input requirements 200, and several translators to convert the validated input requirements 200 into a complete, robust application 204. These translators may include a system logic translator 232, a user-interface translator 234, a database generator 236, and a documentation generator 238.

During operation of one embodiment, requirements 200 specifying a Conceptual Model for the application are gathered using diagrams and textual interactive dialogs presented by the CASE tool 210. Preferably, the CASE tool 210 employs object-oriented modeling techniques to avoid the complexity typically associated with the use of purely textual formal methods. In one implementation, the Conceptual Model is subdivided into four complementary models: an object model, a dynamic model, a functional model, and a presentation model. These models are described in greater detail hereinafter. After gathering the requirements 200, the CASE tool 210 stores the input requirements as a formal specification 215 in accordance with a formal specification language, for example, the OASIS language, which is an object-oriented language for information systems developed at developed at the Technical University of Valencia, Spain. Using extended grammar defined by the formal language, the validator 220 syntactically and semantically validates the formal specification 215 to be correct and complete. If the formal specification 215 does not pass validation, no application is allowed to be generated; therefore, only correct and complete applications are allowed be generated.

If, on the other hand, the formal specification 215 does indeed pass validation, automatic software production processes, some of the referred to as “translators” (system logic and user interface ones) are employed to implement a precise execution model that corresponds to the validated formal specification 215. In particular, translators 232 and 234 produce application source code 204 in a high-order language such as C++, Visual Basic or JAVA for the application's system-logic and user-interface, respectively. In one implementation, a database generator 236 also produces instructions in, for example, a Structure Query Language (SQL) scripting language to create the data model for the application in an industry-standard ANSI-92 SQL Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). However, in other embodiments, the database translator 236 just outputs a file having a file structure that is known to the system logic created by the system logic translator 232. Basically, the structure of the database or table or other data structure that database generator 236 creates is defined by the objects and classes defined in the Conceptual Model. The only thing that is necessary is that translator 236 provide at least a place to store the states of the objects in the system as defined by their attribute values and that the attribute values be stored in some format known to the system logic translator such that the values of attributes can be retrieved from whatever data structure is created by translator 236. In other species, the database generator creates a data structure defined by the Conceptual Model as well as for storing other data from other sources or entered by remote client computers for use by the code created by the system logic translator 232.

In addition, one implementation also employs a document generator 238 to automatically generate serviceable system documentation from the information introduced in the Conceptual Model.

CASE Modeler

As mentioned herein above, the CASE tool 210 preferably employs object-oriented modeling techniques to avoid the complexity typically associated with the use of purely textual formal methods. Rather, four complementary models, that of the object model, the dynamic model, the functional model and the presentation model, are employed to allow a designer to specify the system requirements In contrast with conventional techniques, however, the CASE tool 210 actually captures a formal specification of the designer's system “on the fly” according to a formal specification language, while the designer is specifying the system with the CASE tool 210.

This feature enables the introduction of well-defined expressions in the specification, which is often lacking in the conventional methodologies. In particular, the CASE tool 210 enforces the restriction that only the information relevant for filling a class definition in the formal specification language can be introduced. The use of a formal specification, input by means of the CASE tool 210, therefore provides the environment to validate and verify the system in the solution space, thereby obtaining a software product that is functionally equivalent to the specification as explained hereinafter. Nevertheless this is always done preserving this external view which is compliant with the most extended modeling techniques, as stated before. In this way, the arid formalism characteristic of many conventional approaches is hidden from the designer, who is made to feel comfortable using a graphical modelling notation.

With respect to the notation, conceptual modelling in one embodiment employs diagrams that are compliant with the Unified Modelling Language (UML); thus, system designers need not learn another graphical notation in order to model an information system. In accordance with the widely accepted object oriented conceptual modeling principles, the Conceptual Model is subdivided into an object model, a dynamic model, and a functional model. These three models, however, are insufficient by themselves to specific a complete application, because a complete application also requires a user interface. Therefore, the CASE tool 210 also collects information about user-interface patterns, in a fourth model referred to as “Presentation Model”, which will be translated into the code for the application. In one embodiment, the CASE tool 210 collects information organized around projects which correspond to different applications. Each project built by the CASE tool 210 can include information about classes, relationships between classes, global transactions, global functions, and views.

“Each class contains attributes, services, derivations, constraints, transaction formulas, triggers, display sets, filters, population selection patterns, a state transition diagram and formal interfaces. In addition to the information in these lists, a class can also store a name, alias and a default population selection interface pattern. Extra information is stored as remarks that the designer can input information about why a class does exist in a model.

Each attribute can have the following characteristics: name, formal data type (e.g. constant, variable, derived), data type (real, string, . . . ), default value, whether the attribute is an identifier for distinguishing the objects of the class, length, whether the attribute is required when the object is created, whether the attribute can be assigned a NULL value, and a field to introduce some remarks about why the attribute has been created. Each attribute can also include a list of valuations, which are formulas that declare how the object's state is changed by means of events. Valuation formulas are structured in the following parts: condition (that must be satisfied to apply the effect), event and effect of the event to the particular attribute. An attribute may also include user interface patterns belonging to the presentation model to be applied in the corresponding services arguments related to the attribute.

Services can be of two types: events and transactions. Events are atomic operations while transactions are composed of services which can be in turn events or transactions. Every service can have the following characteristics: name, type of service (event or transaction), service alias, remarks and a help message. Events can be of three types: new, destroy or none of them. Events can also be shared by several classes of the project. Shared events belong to all classes sharing them. Transactions have a formula that expresses the composing of services. In addition to this information, services store a list of arguments whose characteristics are: name, data type, whether nulls are allowed as a valid value, whether the argument represents a set of objects (collection), default value, alias and remarks. Additionally, for each argument user-interface patterns related to arguments are: introduction pattern, population selection pattern, defined selection pattern and dependency pattern. The class can also store a list of derivations, and constraints. Each derivation specifies a list of pairs condition-formula, specifying which formula will be applied under every condition. Each constraint is a well formed formula plus the error message that will be displayed when the constraint was violated. For the dynamic constraints, the formula will be internally translated into a graph which constitutes the guide for its evaluation.

A class can also store triggers. Each trigger may be composed of trigger target specified in terms of self, class or object, trigger condition, triggered action (service plus a list of possible agents) to be activated and a list of default values associated with the arguments of the related service. A class can also have display sets, filters and population selection patterns as user-interface patterns of the presentation model affecting the class. Each display set can store elements of visualization (attributes to be displayed to the user). Each filter is composed of a well formed formula and a list of auxiliary variables that are useful to define the formula. The population selection pattern is related to a display set and a filter. Classes also have a State Transition Diagram which is a set of states and transitions between them. Each state transition is related to an action (service plus list of possible agents) that can change the state of the object. Actions may have preconditions and the corresponding error message (to be displayed if the precondition does not hold). Preconditions are formulas that need to be satisfied in order to execute the corresponding action. In case of non-deterministic transitions, determinism is achieved by means of labelling each transition with a control condition. A control condition is a formula that specifies which state transition will take effect. Finally, a class can store a list of interfaces. Each interface stores the list of services that an actor can execute (agents) and the list of attributes that can be observed.

The model also maintains information on relationships between classes, which can be of two types: aggregation and inheritance. Each aggregation relationship captures the information about cardinalities, whether the aggregation is static or dynamic, whether the aggregation is inclusive or referential, whether the aggregation has an identification dependence, and a grouping clause when the aggregation is multi-valued. Each inheritance relationship stores the name of the parent class, the name of the child class and whether the specialization is temporary or permanent. Finally, if the specialization is permanent it stores a well formed formula on constant attributes as specialization condition. If the specialization is temporary it stores either condition or the list of events that activate/deactivate the child role.

Finally, the project can also capture a list of global transactions in which the relevant characteristics to be stored include the name of the global interaction, the formula, and the list of arguments. A list of global functions can also be captured, in which each function stores a name, a data type of the returned value, a set of arguments (similar to services), and comments about the function.

A project may have a set of views, that constitute the particular vision that a set of selected agent classes has of the system. That is, the set of formal interfaces (attributes and services) allowed per agent class. Each agent class has a list of interfaces.

Object Model

The object model is a graphical model that allows the system designer to specify the entities employed in the application in an object-oriented manner, in particular, by defining classes for the entities. Thus, the class definitions include, for example, attributes, services and class relationships (aggregation and inheritance). Additionally, agent relationships are specified to state which services that objects of a class are allowed to activate.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an object model diagram 300 for the library system example with readers, books, and loans which shows the agent relationships between classes. An agent relationship between classes means one class can invoke the services of another class. FIG. 3 is included here to show that classes have attributes and services and they have relationships to other classes. Classes, in the object model 300, are represented as rectangles with three areas: the class name, the attributes and the services. In the example, the object model 300 includes a loan class 310 with attributes to indicate a loan code 312 and a loan date 314 for when the loan was made. The loan class 310 also includes two services (methods) including one for loaning a book 316 and another for returning the book 318.

The object model 300 also includes a book class 320 having attributes that specify the author 322 of the book, a book code 324, and a state 326 (e.g. reserved, in circulation, checked out, etc.) and services such as new_book 328 for creating a new book. Another class is a librarian class 330, whose name 332 is specified by an attribute and whose creation is done by a new_librarian service 334.

Each reader belonging to the library is described with the reader class 340, whose attributes include the age 342, the number of books 344 checked out by the reader, and the name 346 of the reader. Readers may be created with a new_reader service 348. An unreliable reader class 350 is also part of the object model to indicate for those readers 340 who cannot be trusted (e.g. due to unpaid fees for overdue books). An unreliable reader 350 may be forgiven 352 by a librarian 330.

In an object model 300, inheritance relationships are represented by using arrows to link classes. For example, the unreliable reader class 350 is connected to the reader class 340 with an arrow; thus, the unreliable reader class 350 is specified to inherit from, or in other terms is a subclass of, the reader class 340. The arrow linking the subclass and the base class can be leveled with a specialization condition or an event that activates or cancels the child role. In the exemplary object model 300, the arrow between the unreliable reader class 350 and the reader class 340 is labeled with a “reader.punish/forgive” service. Thus, if a reader 340 is punished, that person becomes an unreliable reader 350. Conversely, if an unreliable reader 350 is forgiven 352, that person becomes a normal reader 340.

Aggregation relationships are represented in the object model 300 by using a line with a diamond.

The class which has a diamond closest to it is called the composite class and the other class is the component class. The aggregation determines how many components can be attached to a given composite and vice versa (cardinality is the minimum and maximum numbers of components and composites that can participate in the relationship). In the example, a book 320 and a reader 340 are aggregated in a loan 310, because a loan 310 involves lending a book 320 to a reader 340 of the library. “The representation of aggregation also includes its cardinalities in both directions (i.e. minimum and maximum numbers), role names, and relationship name. In the example, the cardinality of the loan:book relationship from loan to book is 1:1 because exactly one book is the subject of a loan in this Conceptual Model, and from book to loan is 0:1 because a book can be lent or not in a certain moment.”

“Furthermore, agent relationships are represented by using dotted lines that connect the associated client class and services of the server class.”

In the example, a librarian 330 is an agent of a forgive service 352 of the unreliable reader class 350; thus, there is a dotted line between the forgive service 352 and the librarian class 330. As another example, readers 340 are agents of the loan book 316 and return book 318 services.

“Finally, shared events are represented by using solid lines that connect the associated events between two classes. In the example, the loan_book event is a shared event due to the solid line connecting said events in the book class 320 and the reader class 340.”

Additional information in the object model is specified to complete the formal description of the class. Specifically, for every class in the object model, the following information is captured as shown in TABLE 1. TABLE 1 ITEM DESCRIPTION Attributes All the aforementioned properties and/or characteristics Services All the aforementioned properties and/or characteristics Derivations derivation expressions for the derived attributes (those whose value is dependent on other attributes) Constraints well-formed formulas stating conditions that objects of a class must satisfy Complex specific information associated to aggregation and Relationships inheritance hierarchies Agents services that can be activated by this class

Additional information associated with aggregation and inheritance is also collected. For aggregated classes, the additional information can specify if the aggregation is an association or a composition in accordance with the UML characterization, or if the aggregation is static or dynamic. For inheritance hierarchies, the additional information can specify if a specialization produced by the inheritance is permanent or temporal. If the specialization is permanent, then the corresponding conditions on the constant attributes must characterize the specialization relationship. On the other hand, if the specialization is temporary, then the condition based on variable attributes or the events that activate/deactivate the child role must be specified.

Some applications may require a large number of classes to fully specify. In this case, classes may be gathered into clusters. Clusters make it easier for the designer or system analyst to understand the application, one cluster at a time. Thus, clusters help reduce the complexity of the view of the object model.

Dynamic Model

The system class architecture is specified with the object model. Additional features, however, such as which object life cycles can be considered valid, and which interobject communication can be established, also have to be input in the system specification. For this purpose, a dynamic model is provided.

The dynamic model specifies the behavior of an object in response to services, triggers and global transactions. In one embodiment, the dynamic model is represented by two diagrams, a state transition diagram and an object interaction diagram.

The state transition diagram (STD) is used to describe correct behavior by establishing valid object life cycles for every class. A valid life refers to an appropriate sequence of states that characterizes the correct behavior of the objects that belong to a specific class. Transitions represent valid changes of state. A transition has an action and, optionally, a control condition or guard. An action is composed of a service plus a subset of its valid agents defined in the Object Model. If all of them are marked, the transition is labeled with an asterisk (*) Control conditions are well formed formulas defined on object attributes and/or service arguments to avoid the possible non-determinism for a given action. Actions might have one precondition that must be satisfied in order to accept its execution. A blank circle represents the state previous to existence of the object. Transitions that have this state as source must be composed of creation actions. Similarly, a bull's eye represent the state after destruction of the object. Transitions having this state as destination must be composed of destruction actions. Intermediate states are represented by circles labeled with an state name.

Accordingly, the state transition diagram shows a graphical representation of the various states of an object and transitions between the states. FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary state transition diagram 400 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. States are depicted in the exemplary state transition diagram 400 by means of a circle labeled with the state name. Referring to FIG. 4A, the “book0” state 404 is indicated by a circle with the name “book0.” Before an object comes into existence, a blank circle 402 is used to represent this “state” of nonexistence, “which is the source of the initial transition 410 labeled by a corresponding creation action. A bull's eye 406 is used to represent the state after which an object has been destroyed, as by a transition 416 occasioned by the [*]: destroy_book action.”

Transitions are represented by solid arrows from a source state to a destination state. The middle of the transition arrow is labeled with a text displaying the action, precondition and guards (if proceeds). In the example, transition 412 is labeled with a loan_book action associated with the transition 412 and a precondition ‘if state=“available”. Thus, the system will only accept the execution of the action if the state attribute of the book is “available.” In other words, the Conceptual Model requires that a book can only be loaned if the book is available. “As another example, transition 414 is labeled with a return_book action associated with the transition 414” and a precondition ‘if state=“lent”’. In other words, the Conceptual Model requires that a book can only be returned if the book has been lent.

The object interaction diagram specifies interobject communication. Two basic interactions are defined: triggers, which are object services that are automatically activated when a pre-specified condition is satisfied, and global transactions, which are themselves services involving services of different objects and or other global transactions. There is one state transition diagram for every class, but only one object interaction diagram for the whole Conceptual Model, where the previous interactions will be graphically specified.

In one embodiment, boxes labeled with an underlined name represent class objects.Trigger specifications follow this syntax: destination::action if trigger-condition. The first component of the trigger is the destination, i.e., the object(s) to which the triggered service is addressed. The trigger destination can be the same object where the condition is satisfied (i.e. self), a specific object, or an entire class population if broadcasting the service. Finally, the triggered service and its corresponding triggering relationship are declared. Global Transactions are graphically specified by connecting the actions involved in the declared interaction. These actions are represented as solid lines linking the objects (boxes) that provide them.

Accordingly, communication between objects and activity rules are described in the object interaction diagram, which presents graphical boxes, graphical triggers, and graphical interactions. FIG. 4B illustrates an exemplary object interaction diagram 420 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

In the object interaction diagram 420, the graphical interactions is represented by lines for the components of a graphical interaction. Graphical boxes, such as reader box 422, are declared, in this case, as special boxes that can reference objects (particular or generic) such as a reader. Graphical triggers are depicted using solid lines that have a text displaying the service to execute and the triggering condition. Components of graphical interactions also use solid lines. Each one has a text displaying a number of the interaction, and the action that will be executed. In the example, trigger 424 indicates that the reader punish action is to be invoke invoked when the number of books that a reader is currently borrowing reaches 10.

Functional Model

Many conventional systems take a shortcut when providing a functional model, which limits the correctness of a functional specification. Sometimes, the model used breaks the homogeneity of the object-oriented models, as happened with the initial versions of OMT, which proposed using the structured DFDs as a functional model. The use of DFD techniques in an object modeling context has been criticized for being imprecise, mainly because it offers a perspective of the system (the functional perspective), which differs from the other models (the object perspective). Other methods leave the free-specification of the system operations in the hands of the designer, which leads to inconsistencies.

One embodiment of the present invention, however, employs a functional model that is quite different with respect to these conventional approaches. In this functional model, the semantics associated with any change of an object state is captured as a consequence of an event occurrence. Basically, the functional model allows a SOSY modeler to specify a class, an attribute of that class and an event of that class and then define a mathematical or logical formula that defines how the attribute's value will be changed when this event happens. An “event” as used in the claims means a single service and not a transaction which is defined as a composed or complex service (which means more than one service executes). In the preferred embodiment, condition-action pair is specified for each valuation. The condition is a single math or logic formula is specified which specifies a condition which results in a value or logical value which can be mapped to only one of two possible values: true or false. The action is a single math or logical formula which specifies how the value of the attribute is changed if the service is executed and the condition is true. In other embodiments, only a single formula that specifies the change to the attribute if the service is executed is required.

The functional model is built in the preferred embodiment by presenting a dialog box that allows the user to choose a class, an attribute of that class and a service of that class and then fill in one or more formula or logical expressions (condition-action or only action) which controls how the value of that attribute will be changed when the service is executed. The important thing about this is that the user be allowed to specify the mathematical or logical operation which will be performed to change the value of the attribute when the service is executed, and it is not critical how the user interface is implemented. Any means to allow a user to specify the class, the attribute of that class and the service of that class and then fill in a mathematical or logical expression which controls what happens to the specified attribute when the service is executed will suffice to practice the invention. Every one of these mathematical expressions is referred to as a valuation. Every valuation has to have a condition and action pair in the preferred embodiment, but in other species, only an action need be specified. The condition can be any well formed formula resulting in a Boolean value which can be mapped to only one of two possible conditions: true or false. The action specified in the pair is any other well-formed mathematical and/or logical formula resulting in a new value for the variable attribute, said new value being of the attribute's same data type (type of data of action must be compatible with the type of data of the attribute). This valuation formula can be only mathematical or only a Boolean logical expression or a combination of both mathematical operators and Boolean logical expressions.

Regardless of the user interface used to gather data from the user to define the valuations in the functional model, all species within the genus of the invention of generating functional models will generate a data structure having the following content: data defining the valuation formula which affects the value of each variable attribute (the data that defines the valuation formula identifies the service and the attribute affected and the mathematical and/or logical operations to be performed and any operands needed). This data structure can be any format, but it must contain at least the above identified content.

To define the functional model, the following information is declaratively specified by the SOSY modeler: how every event changes the object state depending on the arguments of the involved event, and the object's current state. This is called “valuation”.

In particular, the functional model employs the concept of the categorization of valuations. Three types of valuations are defined: push-pop, state-independent and discrete-domain based. Each type fixes the pattern of information required to define its functionality.

Push-pop valuations are those whose relevant events increase or decrease the value of the attribute by a given quantity, or reset the attribute to a certain value.

State-independent valuations give a new value to the attribute involved independently of the previous attribute's value.

Discrete-domain valuations give a value to the attributes from a limited domain based on the attribute's previous value. The different values of this domain model the valid situations that are possible for the attribute.

To illustrate these features, TABLE 2 shows a functional model for a “book number” attribute 344 of the reader class 340, in a Conceptual Model representing a typical library. TABLE 2 CLASS: Reader ATTRIBUTE: book_number CATEGORY: push-pop Event Quantity Effect loan( ) 1 Increase Return( ) 1 Decrease

These valuations are categorized as a push-pop because their relevant events increase or decrease the value of the book_number attribute 344 by a given quantity (1). In the example, its related event loan( ) has the increasing effect and return( ) has the decreasing effect.

This categorization of the valuations is a contribution of one aspect of the present invention that allows a complete formal specification to be generated in an automated way, completely capturing a event's functionality

Accordingly, the functional model is responsible for capturing the semantics of every change of state for the attributes of a class. It has no graphical diagram. Textual information is collected through an interactive dialog that fills the corresponding part of the Information Structures explained before. FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary dialog for receiving input for the functional model.

Presentation Model

The presentation model is a set of pre-defined concepts that can be used to describe user interface requisites. These concepts arise from distilling and abstracting repetitive scenarios in developing the user interfaces. These abstractions of the repetitive scenarios are called patterns. A set of patterns is called a pattern language.

In this sense, the presentation model is a collection of patterns designed to reflect user interfaces requirements. A pattern is a clear description of a recurrent problem with a recurrent solution in a given restricted domain and giving an initial context. The documented patterns abstract the essence of the problem and the essence of the solution and therefore can be applied several times to resolve problems that match with the initial context and domain. The pattern language is composed of a plurality of patterns. The present invention is not limited to any particular list of patterns, but the following is a brief description of some user interface patterns that have been found to be useful: Service presentation pattern, Instance presentation pattern, class population presentation pattern, master-detail presentation pattern and action Selection presentation pattern.

A service presentation pattern captures how a service will enquire data to the final user. This patterns controls the filling out of service arguments and contains actions to launch the service or to exit performing no action. It is based on other lower level patterns that refer to more specific interface tasks like:

-   -   An introduction pattern that handles with restrictions to input         data that must be provided to the system by the final user         (i.e., the user who employs the final application). In         particular, edit-masks and range-values are introduced,         constraining the values that can validly be input in the         interface. In this manner, the user-entry errors are reduced.         This pattern can be applied to arguments in services or to         attributes in classes to improve data input process through         validating input arguments.     -   A defined selection pattern that specifies a set of valid values         for an argument. When the input data items are static, are a         few, and are well known, the designer can declare by enumeration         a set containing such valid values. This pattern is similar to         those that define an enumerated type and an optional default         value. Accordingly, the final user can only select an entry from         the pre-specified set, thereby reducing error prone input. For         example, one representation of this pattern could be a         Combo-Box. This pattern can be applied to arguments in services         or to attributes in classes to improve data input process.     -   A population selection pattern that handles the situation of         observing and selecting objects in a multiple objects society.         Specifically, this pattern contains a filter, a display set, and         an order criterion, which respectively determine how objects are         filtered (Filter Expression), what data is displayed (Display         Set), and how objects are ordered (Order Criteria). This pattern         may be thought of as a SQL Select statement with columns, where         and order by clauses, and can be applied to object-valuated         arguments in services whenever it is possible to select an         object from a given population of living objects.     -   A dependency pattern, that is a set of Event-Condition-Action         (ECA) rules allowing the specification of dependency rules         between arguments in services. When arguments are dependent on         others, these constraints use this kind of rules.     -   A status recovery pattern, that is an implicit pattern that         recovers data from object attributes to initialize service         arguments. This can be modeled as an implicit set of dependency         patterns. For example, to change the data associated of a         Customer object, a form to launch the change service appears. If         the user provides the Customer OID (Object Identifier), the         interfaces can use this OID to search the object and recover the         data associated to the Customer, such as name, telephone,         address, etc.     -   A supplementary information pattern, that handles with feedback         data that must be provided to final users in order to assure         they choose or input the correct OID (object identified) for an         existent object. For example, to select a Customer, an OID must         be provided. If the name of the Customer is automatically         displayed as answer to an OID input, the user receives a         valuable feedback data that assures him in selection or corrects         the input data. The supplementary information pattern is         applicable to object-valuated arguments.     -   An argument grouping presentation pattern, that captures how to         group the requested service arguments according to the user         wishes.

An instance presentation pattern captures how the properties of an object will be presented to the final user. In this context, the user will be able to launch services or to navigate to other related objects. The instance presentation pattern is a detailed view of an instance.

A class population presentation pattern captures how the properties of multiple objects of one class will be presented to the final user. In this context, once an object is selected, the final user will be able to launch a service or to navigate to other related objects. The objects can also be filtered.

A master-detail presentation pattern captures how to present a certain object of a class including other related objects that may complete the full detail of the object. To build this pattern the following patterns are used: instance presentation, class population presentation and, recursively, master-detail presentation. In this manner, multi-detail (multiples details) and multi-level master-detail (multiples levels recursively) can be modeled. For example, one scenario involves an invoice header followed by a set of invoice lines related to the invoice.

An action selection pattern captures how the services are going to be offered to final users following the principle of gradual approach. This pattern allows, for example, generating menus of application using a tree structure. The final tree structure will be obtained from the set of services specified in the classes of the Conceptual Model. The user could launch services or queries (observations) defined in the Conceptual Model.

A Filter Expression is a well-formed formula that evaluates to a Boolean type. This formula is interpreted as follows: the objects that satisfy the formula pass the filter; the ones that do not fulfill the condition do not pass the filter. Consequently, the filter acts like a sift that only allows objects that fulfill the formula to pass. These formulas can contain parameters that are resolved at execution time, providing values for the variables or asking them directly to the final user. A filter pattern may be thought of as an abstraction of a SQL where clause, and is applied in a population selection pattern.

A Display Set is an ordered set of attributes that is shown to reflect the status of an object. A Display Set may be thought of as an abstraction of the columns in a SQL clause, and is applied in a population selection pattern.

The Order Criterion is an ordered set of tuples that contain: an attribute and an order (ascending/descending). This set of tuples fixes an order criterion over the filtered objects. An order criterion pattern may be thought of as an abstraction of an order by SQL clause, and is applied in a population selection pattern.

Formal Specification

The CASE tool 210, after presenting a user interface for capturing system requirements 200, converts the system requirements into a formal specification 215 in a formal language having a syntax and semantics that are known to the validator 220. Although the formal specification 215 must be in a formal language, it need not be in a known formal language, and any formal language including newly invented formal languages will suffice. The only thing that is necessary to practice the invention is that the syntax and semantics of whatever formal language in which formal specification 215 is written, the validator 220 must know that syntax and semantics so that it may validate the formal specification for completeness, mathematical and semantic and syntactical correctness and lack of ambiguity. In particular the CASE tool 210 builds upon the previously described models as a starting point and automatically generates a corresponding formal and object-oriented specification 215, which acts as a high-level system repository. In a preferred embodiment, the formal language being employed is OASIS, in its version 2.2, published in October 1995 by the “Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad Politecnica de Valencia” (legal deposit number: V-1285-1995).

Conversion of captured system requirements 200 into a formal language specification 215 is a main feature of one aspect of the invention: each piece of information introduced in the conceptual modeling step has a corresponding formal language counterpart, which is represented as formal language statements having syntax and semantics known to the validator. The graphical modeling environment associated with one embodiment of the invention may be thus viewed as an advanced graphical editor and composition tool to allow a SOSY modeler to graphically generate images and data structures through a graphical user interface which are then converted (on a real time basis) into a formal language specification which may be validated.

As an example of syntax and semantics of formal languages and how the validator 220 can validate such a formal language specification, consider Table 3 below. Table 3 is a formal specification in the OASIS formal language of the reader class of the hypothetical library management application detailed above. TABLE 3 shows a formal specification 215 for the reader class that was automatically obtained from the Conceptual Model: TABLE 3 CONCEPTUAL SCHEMA library domains nat,bool,int,date,string class reader identification by_reader_code: (reader_code); constant_attributes age : String ; reader_code : String ; name : String ; variable_attributes book_count : Int ; private_events new_reader( ) new; destroy_reader( ) destroy; punish( ); shared_events loan( ) with book; return( ) with book; constraints static book_count < 10; valuation [loan( )] book_count= book_count + 1; [return( )] book_count= book_count − 1; preconditions librarian:destroy_reader ( ) if book_number = 0 ; triggers Self :: punish( ) if book_count = 10; process reader = librarian:new_reader( ) reader0; reader0= librarian:destroy_reader( ) + loan ( ) reader1; reader1= if book_count=1 return( ) reader0 + (if book_count > 1 return( ) + if book_count < 10 loan( )) reader1; end_class END CONCEPTUAL SCHEMA

Consider the following statement from the high level repository formal specification of Table 3: [loan( )]book_count=book_count+1;

The semantics of this formal language statement indicate by the ( ) that loan is a service which performs the mathematical computation represented by the equation outside the square brackets. This mathematical formula means that the value of the attribute book_count will be incremented by 1 when this service is executed. The formula could be any other formula where one attribute is set equal to the value of another attribute plus the value of some other attribute or user input value. However, to be semantically correct, an integer or floating point number cannot be added to an alphanumeric string or any other type of attribute which has no meaning when attempting to add it to an integer or floating point number.

As another example of validation of the semantics of the formal language specification, when an integer is added to a floating point number, the result must be a floating point number and not an integer.

Another example of validation of the semantics involves verifying that for every attribute that has been defined as a variable, there is a service which changes the value of that attribute. Another example of semantic validation is verifying that for every constant attribute, there is no service which attempts to change its value. Another example of semantic validation is if a service “destroy” erases or eliminates an attribute, it makes no sense to modify the attribute after it no longer exists. The validator would flag as an error any formal specification statement which attempted to do so.

One of the functions of the validator is to check the semantics of every statement to make sure that no mathematical formulas attempt to combine entities that are not mathematically combinable, that combining different types of numbers results in the correct type of output number, that nothing gets divided by zero, and that other operations that are mathematically undefined are not required by the formal specification. Stated another way, one function of the validator is to make sure that every formula is well formed, complete and consistent.

The validator has a number of rules stored in it that are dependent upon the semantics and syntax of the formal language in use. These rules are used to accomplish the purpose of the validator 220. That purpose is to semantically and syntactically validate every statement of every class definition in the formal specification as well as verifying that the interclass actions between any of the classes are semantically meaningful and syntactically correct. Any process which checks all the formal language statements in the formal specification against at least the pertinent rules to accomplish the above stated purpose will suffice. This can be accomplished after iterative passes or all on one pass. As long as this purpose is accomplished, the details of how it is accomplished are not critical.

The meaning of the different sections that integrate the formal description of the exemplary reader class specification is as follows. A class in OASIS is made up of a class name “reader”, an identification function for instances (objects) of the class, and a type or template that all the instances share.

The identification function by_reader_code, characterizes the naming mechanism used by objects and yields a set of surrogates belonging to a predefined sort or to a sort defined by the user (the so-called domains in OASIS). These domains are imported in the class definition. The most usual are predefined as int, nat, real, bool, char, string and date. They represent numbers, boolean values, characters, strings and dates in a particular format. New domains can be introduced in a specification by defining the corresponding abstract data type.

A type is the template that collects all the properties (structure and behavior) which are shared by all the potential objects of the class being considered. Syntactically, the type can be formalized as a signature, which contains sorts, functions, attributes and events to be used, a set of axioms, which are formulas in a dynamic logic, a process query as a set of equations with variables of a sort process that are solved in a given process algebra. When these variables are instantiated, we have the ground terms that represent possible lives of instances (objects).

A class signature contains a set of sorts with a partial order relation. Among this set of sorts is the sort of interest (the class name) associated with the class being defined. A class signature also contains a set of functions including those functions included in the definition of the (predefined) sorts and the identification function whose sort is the ADT (Abstract Data Type) for identities implicitly provided with a class specification. The identification function provides values of a given sort to identify objects in order to assure that any object of a given class has a unique identity. For specification purposes, an identification is introduced mechanism comprising a declaration of one or more key maps used as aliases for identifying objects. The key maps are similar to the candidate key notion of the relational model. From a given key value, these maps return an associated object identity. Key maps will be declared as (tuples of) constant attributes.

A class signature also contains a set of (constant, variable, and derived) attributes, see constant_attributes and variable_attributes sections in TABLE 3. These attributes all have the sort of the class as domain, and the given sort associated to the attribute being considered as codomain.

A set of events is also contained in the class signature (see private events and shared events in TABLE 3), with the sort of the class as the domain, plus any additional sort representing event information, and with the sort of the class (sort of interest) as the codomain. This so-called sort of interest can be seen as a subsort of a general sort process when objects are viewed as processes.

Each event occurrence is labeled by the agent that is allowed to activate it. When dealing with this actor notion, if the agent x initiates event a is written x:a and called an action; x could be the environment or any object of a system class. In one embodiment, an event always is associated with an agent. When defining an event, the designer is therefore forced to state which agent will be able to activate it. Consequently, a set A of actions may be defined and obtained from and attached to the initial set of events.

In this way, the notion of the set of object services can be represented as an interface that allows other objects to access the state. The object services can be events (server view) or actions (client view) depending on whether these services are offered or requested. Actions become services requested by an object, by which the object can consult or modify states of other objects (or its own state).

In OASIS, there are the following kinds of dynamic formulas (set of class axioms):start here

Evaluations are formulas of the form _[a]_‘whose semantics is given by defining a_function that, from a ground action a returns a function between possible worlds. In other words, being a possible world for an object any valid state, the _function determines which transitions between object states are valid after the execution of an action a. In the example,there are the following evaluations: [loan( )] book_count= book_count+1; [return( )] book_count= book_count−1;

Within this dynamic logic environment, the formula _isevaluated in s_W, and _‘is evaluated in _(a), with _(a) being the world represented by the object state after the execution in s of the action considered.

Derivations are formulas of the type _→_.They define derived attributes _‘in terms of the given derivation condition (stated in _). Derivations basically differ from the evaluation formulas in that this derived evaluation is done in a unique state.

Integrity constraints are formulas that must be satisfied in every world. Static and dynamic integrity constraints may be distinguished. Static integrity constraints are those defined for every possible world. They must always hold. On the other hand, dynamic integrity constraints are those that relate different worlds. They require the use of a temporal logic, with the corresponding temporal logic operators.

Preconditions are formulas with the template _ _[false, where _is a formula that must hold in the world previous to the execution of action a. Only in the worlds where _holds, is a allowed to occur. If _holds, the occurrence of a gives no state as successor. We have the following precondition in the reader specification: book_number=0 [librarian:destroy_reader( )] false;

or, in a more convenient way for specification purposes, we can write librarian:destroy_reader( ) if book_number=0

Triggers are formulas of the form _[_false, where _a is the action negation. This formula means that a does not occur, and what does occur is not specified. If _holds and an action other than a occurs, then there is no successor state. This forces a to occur or the system remains in a blocked state. For instance, using the appropriate dynamic formula where we include in the triggered service information about the destination (according to the trigger expressiveness presented when the object interaction diagram 420 was introduced), we will declare: book_count=10 [Self::punish( )] false

This trigger may be written in an equivalent but more conventional way for specification purposes as: Self::punish( ) if book_count=10;

Thus, triggers are actions activated when the condition stated in _holds. The main difference between preconditions and triggers comes from the fact that in triggers there is an obligation to activate an action as soon as the given condition is satisfied. In this way triggers allow us to introduce internal activity in the Object Society that is being modeled.

In any of these dynamic formulas, ______ ‘are well-formed formulas in a first order logic that usually refer to a given system state characterized by the set of values attached to attributes of objects in the state or world considered.

In OASIS, an object is defined as an observable process. The process specification in a class allows us to specify object dynamics and determines the access relationship between the states of instances. Processes are constructed by using events as atomic actions. However, the designer also has the choice of grouping events in execution units, which are called transactions.

The molecular units that are the transactions have two main properties. First, they follow an all-or-nothing policy with respect to the execution of the involved events: when a failure happens during a transaction execution, the resultant state will be the initial one. Second, they exhibit the non-observability of intermediate states.

We will finish this section introducing the process specification of the reader class in TABLE 4: TABLE 4 reader =   librarian:new_reader( ) ·_reader_0; reader_0 = librarian:destroy_reader( ) + loan( )   ·_reader_1; reader_1 = if book_count=1 return( ) · reader_0   + (if book_count > 1 return( )   + if book_count < 10 loan( )) ·_reader_1;

The execution of processes are represented by terms in a well-defined algebra of processes. Thus, possible object lives can be declared as terms whose elements are transactions and events. Every process can be rewritten to a term in a basic process algebra BPA_, with the ·(sequence) and +(alternative) process operations. This provides an implementation of concurrence based on arbitrary interleaving.

After having presented Conceptual Model and the OASIS formal concepts associated with them in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the mappings will now be discussed that generate a textual system representation 215 (that is a specification in OASIS) taking as input the graphical information introduced in the Conceptual Model. This formal specification 215 has in fact been obtained using CASE tool 210, and constitutes a solid system documentation to obtain a final software product which is compliant with the initial requirements, as represented in the source Conceptual Model.

According to the class template introduced in the previous section, the set of conceptual patterns and their corresponding OASIS representation.

The system classes are obtained from the object model. For each class, there are a set of constant, variable or derived attributes; a set of services, including private and shared events, and local transactions: integrity constraints specified for the class: and derivation expressions corresponding to the derived attributes. For a complex class (those defined by using the provided aggregation and inheritance class operators), the object model also provides the particular characteristics specified for the corresponding complex aggregated or specialized class.

The information given by the object model basically specifies the system class framework, where the class signature is precisely declared. The dynamic model uses two kind of diagrams, the state transition diagram and the object interaction diagram. From the state transition diagram, the following are obtained: event preconditions, which are those formulas labeling the event transitions; the process definition of a class, where the template for valid object lives is fixed. From the object interaction diagram, two other features of an OASIS class specification are completed; trigger relationships and global transactions, which are those involving different objects.

Finally, the functional model yields the dynamic formulas related to evaluations, where the effect of events on attributes is specified.

Having thus clearly defined the set of relevant information that can be introduced in a Conceptual Model in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the formal specification 215 corresponding to the requirements 200 provides a precise system repository where the system description is completely captured, according to the OASIS object-oriented model. This enables the implementation process (execution model) to be undertaken from a well-defined starting point, where the pieces of information involved are meaningful because they come from a finite catalogue of conceptual modeling patterns, which, furthermore, have a formal counterpart in OASIS.

Model Validation

Automatic software production of a complete, robust application from a Conceptual Model to an implementation language (such as a third generation languages like C, C++, or Java) requires the Conceptual Model to be both correct and complete. In this section, the terms “correct” and “complete” have the following meanings dependent on the specific needs for the automated software production process system as:

A Conceptual Model is “complete” when there is no missing information in the requirements specification. In other words, all the required properties of the Conceptual Model are defined and have a value. This means that every concept introduced during the modeling process will be fully specified in all its properties or the validator will reject it.

A Conceptual Model is “correct” when the information introduced in the Conceptual Model is syntactically and semantically consistent and not ambiguous. In other words, all the properties defined in the Conceptual Model have a value and that value is valid.

There is a partial validation process each time an element is added, modified or deleted to the Conceptual Model and is converted to a portion of the formal specification. During the partial validations that occur as elements are added, modified and deleted, no error messages are generated (because that would driver the modeler crazy), but portions of the Formal Specification are marked as rendered invalid by changes that have been made. When the Conceptual Model is completed, the SOSY modeler requests full validation. At this point, every statement and formula in the Formal Specification is revalidated, and error messages and warnings are generated for any element which is syntactically or semantically incomplete or incorrect or ambiguous.

Referring back to FIG. 2, the validator 220 receives as input the formal specification 215 of the Conceptual Model using an Object-Oriented Formal Specification Language (such as OASIS) as high level data repository. From a formal point of view, a validated OASIS specification 215 is correct and complete because the specification 215 is formally equivalent to a dynamic logic theory, using a well-defined declarative and operational semantics.

Formal specification languages benefit from the ability of formal environments to ensure that formal specifications 215 are valid or can be checked to be valid. Formal languages define a grammar that rules language expressiveness.

Two procedures are used for Conceptual Model validation. For completeness, validation rules are implemented by directly checking the gathered data for the Conceptual Model, e.g., a class must have name, one attribute being its identifier and one service. Completeness of the formal language specification of the Conceptual model, as checked by the validation process, means that: 1) there is no missing information in the formal specification detailing the requirements the code must meet; 2) stated in another way, all the required properties of the Conceptual Model encoded in the formal language specification are defined and they have a value. Correctness of the formal language specification of the Conceptual model, as checked by the validation process, means that: 1) when the statements in the formal language specification of the Conceptual model are both syntactically and semantically consistent and not ambiguous: 2) stated in another way, all the properties introduced in the conceptual model have a valid value. For correctness, an extended formal specification language grammar (syntax plus semantics) is implemented in order to validate the syntax and meaning of all the formulas in the Conceptual Model.

Correctness

More specifically, for completeness, the validtor functions to ensure that all the elements in a formal specification language have a set of properties that both exist and have a valid value. Most of the properties are strictly implemented to have a full definition and valid values. However, the CASE tool 210 allows, for easy of use during a model inputting, to leave some properties incomplete or with invalid values. These properties will be checked by the validator 220 to be complete (and correct) prior to any automatic software production process.

The elements which are used to validate a Conceptual Model are described next. For each element it is stated if validation will be strict (e.g. when all his properties have to exist and must have a valid value at creation time) or flexible (e.g. validation will be accomplished at a later time). Some properties are optional, (e.g. that may not exist) but if they are defined, they must be validated. These elements are given in TABLE 5: TABLE 5 Class  Name. Strict  ID function Flexible  Attributes (at least one) Flexible  Services (at least Create service). Flexible  Static and Dynamic Integrity Constraints (optional)   Their formula Strict Attribute  Name. Strict  Type (Constant, Variable, Derived). Strict  Data-type (Real, integer, etc). Strict  Default Value. Strict  Size (if proceeds) Strict  Request in Creation service. Strict  Null value allowed. Strict  Evaluations (variable attributes). Flexible  Derivation formula (derived attributes). Flexible Evaluation  One variable attribute of a class Strict  One service of the same class Strict  Condition (optional). Strict  Formula of evaluation. Strict Derivation  Formula. Strict  Condition (optional). Strict Service  Name. Strict  Arguments.   argument's name Strict   data-type Strict   default value (optional) Strict   null value Strict   size (if proceeds) Strict  For a transaction, its formula. Flexible Preconditions of an action  Formula. Strict   Agents affected by condition Strict Relationship: Aggregation  Related classes (component &composite) Strict  Relationship name. Strict  Both directions Role names. Strict  Cardinality. Strict  Inclusive or referential. Strict  Dynamic. Strict  Clause “Group By” (Optional). Strict  Insertion and deletion events (if proceed) Strict Relationship: Inheritance  Related classes (parent & child) Strict  Temporal (versus permanent) Strict  Specialization condition or events Strict Relationship: Agent  Agent class and service allowed to activate. Strict State Transition Diagram (STD)  All states of class (3 at least). Flexible State in STD  Name. Strict Transition in STD  Estate of origin. Strict  Estate of destination. Strict  Service of class. Strict   Control condition (optional). Strict Trigger  Condition. Strict  Class or instance of destination. Strict  Target (self, object, class) Strict  Activated service. Strict  Service arguments' initialization (Optional)   Arguments' values Strict Global Interactions  Name. Strict  Formula. Strict User exit functions  Name. Strict  Return data-type Strict  Arguments, (Optional)   Argument's name Strict   Argument's data-type Strict Completeness

Some properties of components in formal specification languages are “well formed formulas” that follow a well defined syntax. It is therefore, a requirement to ensure that all introduced formulas in the Conceptual Model were both syntactical and semantically correct.

Not all formulas used in the Conceptual Model have the same purpose. Therefore, there will be several types of formulas. Depending of formula's type, the use of certain operators and terms (operands, like: constants, class attributes, user-functions, etc.) are allowed. A process and a set of rules in grammar to validate every type of formula in the Conceptual Model also exists.

More specifically, the Conceptual Model includes formulas of the following types as shown in TABLE 6: TABLE 6 Default Value Calculation of  Class Attributes (Constant and Variable)  Service and Transaction Arguments Inheritance: Specialization condition Static and Dynamic Integrity Constraints Derivations and Valuations:  Calculation formula (Derived or Variable attributes respectively)  Conditions (optional) Preconditions for actions (Services or Transactions) Control Conditions for transitions in State Transitions Diagram Triggering conditions Local and Global Transactions formulas

These formulas are validated at the time they are introduced, by preventing the designer from leaving an interactive textual dialog if formula is not syntactically and semantically correct.

In general, every formula must be syntactically correct; every class must have an identification function; every class must have a creation event; every triggering formula must be semantically correct (e.g. self triggers to an unrelated class are forbidden); and every name of an aggregation must be unique in the conceptual schema. If these conditions are not satisfied, then an error is raised.

A warning may be raised, on the other hand, if any of the following do not hold: every class should have a destroy event; every derived attribute should have at least a derivation formula; every service should have an agent declared to execute it; and every argument declared in a service should be used.

Validation process will also be invoked every time the designer performs a change into the model that may invalidate one or more formulas. As mentioned earlier, for ease of use, certain type of formulas are allowed to be incorrect, which the designer will have to review at a later time. The automatic software production process in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, however, will not continue to code generation, if not all the formulas are correct. Each time the designer introduces a modification in the Conceptual Model specification, all affected formulas will be checked. As a result, the following cases may happen:

1. If any of the affected formulas makes reference to a “Strict” property, the change will be rejected. An error will be raised to inform the designer. 2. If none of the affected formulas references a “Strict” property, modification to Conceptual Model will be accepted. An action-confirmation dialog is showed before any action is taken.

3. If there is no affected formula, modification is performed straightaway. In order to validate the user interface information, the validator 220 checks the following for errors: the patterns defined must be well constructed with no essential information lacking; the attributes used in filters must be visible from the definition class; the attributes used in order criteria must be visible from the definition class; the formula in a filter must be a well-formed formula using the terms defined in the model; the action selection pattern must use as final actions objects defined in the Conceptual Model; and the set of dependency patterns must be terminal and have confluence. Warnings may be generated under the following conditions: if a pattern is defined but not used (applied), if an instance pattern is duplicated.

Automatic software production from Conceptual Models requires these Conceptual Models to be correct and complete. Applying the characteristics and properties of formal specification languages makes it possible to effectively validate a Conceptual Model. The validation process is based on the grammar defined by the formal specification language, and partial validation is to be invoked any time the designer introduces modifications to the Conceptual Model specification. Prior to any automatic software production process, Conceptual Model will be validated in a full validation as a pre-requisite.

WORKING EXAMPLE OF HOW TO USE THE INVENTION TO CREATE A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR A SOFTWARE PROGRAM TO MANAGE EXPENSE REPORTING BY EMPLOYEES, EXPENSE REPORT APPROVALS AND PAYMENTS

Requirements: The Problem to be Managed by the Computer Program to be Automatically Generated

The system will manage the expense reporting of employees, expense approvals and payments.

Expenses will reflect both: pattern currency and its equivalent to other currency. Expense line for user input of an expense will only allow input in the pattern currency.

Employees may present an expense report when they have supported expenses on behalf of the company. Typically, the expenses are associated to a certain project or specific task.

At presenting the expense report, supporting tickets and receipts will be attached and prior expense advances will be reflected. Advances must be discounted out from the expense report balance.

The expense report, once presented, must be authorized by a manager responsible for payment of expenses. The authorization process will allow rejection of the expenses if there is the appearance of impropriety.

Once authorized, the expense report will be approved for payment by a person in accounting responsible for writing checks. Once paid, it will be marked as so.

The Procedure will be as follows:

-   -   Prior to any expense, the employee may request money in advance.         This will not be reflected in the Expenses Management System         program to be written.     -   The employee will provide receipts for all expenses and advances         to the system operator (may be himself). It will include         explanations for expenses when required.     -   Once all the expenses are entered, the employee will issue the         expense report thereby closing the expenses report. Then the         expense report will be in a status of pending approval.     -   A person responsible for expenses will authorise the expense         report if the expenses appear legitimate, and the expense report         will transition to a state pending payment. If the report is not         approved, it will be rejected with a comment indicating why it         has been rejected. The expenses report will be then put back in         an open status to be modified.     -   Accounts payable will approve the payment. Once approved, the         expense report will be marked as paid and locked. Only accounts         payable will be able to unlock the expense reports in case of         error.     -   Once the payment has been done, the Expenses Report is marked as         paid indicating date and payment media. If balance was debit,         i.e., advances were bigger that expenses, a warning message will         require confirmation of payment.         Detailed Information to be Captured         Expense:

Header and footer: General information of the Expense.

-   -   Employee: Code and Name.     -   Trip cause, visit to or general expense cause.     -   Project to charge expenses to.     -   Total advanced amount. Both currencies     -   Total expenses. Both currencies     -   Balance. Both currencies     -   Date of Expenses Report issuing.     -   Expenses approval date.     -   Payment date and media.     -   Payment comments, if paid.     -   Rejection cause, if rejected.         Expense Line:

Each line details a certain expense.

Including:

-   -   Expense date.     -   Expense Type: (Car usage in Km, allowance, etc.) Some expense         types will have a fixed price, some will perform a calculation,         other will let operator to include the amount from figures on         ticket or receipt.     -   Units. The meaning will depend on expense type. Some types will         not allow operator to use this.     -   Prize to apply. Prize per unit in pattern currency. Depends on         expense type.     -   Expense description.     -   Expense Line total. Both currencies         Employee:     -   Employee code. This must be unique in the system.     -   Name and First name     -   Site, phone numbers, email.         Querying and Reporting facilities:

The results of any search in the application may be considered as a report so it must be possible to be printed as well as exported to Office tools like Word, Excel. It would be desirable to be ordered by any column while it is in the screen and exported or printed in that order.

The Expense Reports will be selected under any of the following criteria or a combination of them: by project, employee, issuing date, authorization date and payment date. Dates searching facilities will be better introduced as a period.

The Expense Report will show the following information:

-   -   Project     -   Employee name     -   Status     -   Approval Date     -   Paid     -   Payment Date     -   Total expenses     -   Balance

The Expense Report will be printed under specific format including the Expense lines.

Employees will allow to be searched by a combination of any data contained in Employee definition.

Modelling with SOSY Modeller

Phase 1: Classes identification. The process of class identification is a process of finding relevant entities that will hold the System information. These will be obtained from Requirements definition above defining what the program to be written must be able to do. The following chart has class identifications underscored:

-   -   The system will manage the expense reporting of employees,         expense approvals and payments.     -   Expenses will reflect both: pattern currency and its equivalent         to other currency. Expense line will only allow input in pattern         currency.     -   Employees may present an expense report when they have supported         expenses on behalf of the company. Typically, the expenses are         associated to a certain project or specific task.

At presenting the expense report, associated tickets or receipts will be attached and advances will be reflected. Advances must be discounted out from the expense report balance.

The expense report, once presented, must be authorized by a person responsible for the expenses. The authorization process will allow rejection of the expenses if necessary.

Once authorized, the expense report will be approved for payment by a person responsible for accounting. Once paid, it will be marked as paid.

The Procedure will be as follows:

-   -   Prior to any expense, the employee may request money in advance.         This will not be reflected in the Expenses Management System         program.     -   The employee will provide all expenses and advances tickets to         the system operator (may be himself). It will include         explanations for expenses when required.     -   After entering expenses in the system, the employee will issue         the expense report closing the expenses report. Then it will be         pending approval status.     -   A responsible of expenses (employee's manager) will authorise         the expense report if the expenses appear legitimate, and it         will thereafter be in a pending payment status. If no approval         is granted, the expense report will be rejected with a comment         indicating why it has been rejected. The expenses report will         then be set back to an open status to be modified.     -   Payments responsible (an accounts payable person) will approve         the payment. Once approved, the expense report will be marked as         paid and locked. Only payments responsible will be able to         unlock the expenses reports in case of error.     -   Once the payment has been done, the Expenses Report is marked as         paid indicating date and payment media. If balance was debit,         advances were bigger that expenses, a warning message will         require confirmation of payment.         Detailed Information to be Captured

Expense:

Header and Footer: General Information of the Expense.

-   -   Employee: Code and Name.     -   Trip cause, visit to or general expense cause.     -   Project to charge expenses to.     -   Total advanced amount. Both currencies     -   Total expenses. Both currencies     -   Balance. Both currencies     -   Date of Expenses Report issuing.     -   Expenses approval date.     -   Payment date and media.     -   Payment comments, if proceeds.     -   Rejection cause, if proceeds.         Expense Line:

Each line details a certain expense.

Including:

-   -   Expense date.     -   Expense Type: (Car usage in Km, allowance, etc.) Some expense         types will have a fixed price, some will perform a calculation,         other will let operator to include the amount as figures in         ticket.     -   Units. The meaning will depend on expense type. Some types will         not allow operator to use this.     -   Prize to apply. Prize per unit in pattern currency. Depends on         expense type.     -   Expense description.     -   Expense Line total. Both currencies         Employee:     -   Employee code. This must be unique in the system.     -   Name and First name     -   Site, phone numbers, email.         Querying and Reporting Facilities:

The results of any search in the application may be considered as a report so it must be possible to be printed as well as exported to Office tools like Word, Excel. It would be desirable to be ordered by any column while it is in the screen and exported or printed in that order.

The Expense Reports will be selected under the following criteria or a combination of them: by project, employee, issuing date, authorization date and payment date. Dates searching facilities will be better introduced as a period.

The Expense Report will show the following information:

-   -   Project     -   Employee name     -   Status     -   Approval Date     -   Paid     -   Payment Date     -   Total expenses     -   Balance

The Expense Report will be printed under specific format including the Expense lines.

Employees will allow to be searched by a combination of any data contained in Employee definition.

FIG. 9A is a screenshot of the dialog box to create the class which simply involves giving it a name.

FIG. 9B is screenshot of a graphic interface box showing the classes that have been defined to store the pertinent information and provide the pertinent services to implement a computer program that meets the above defined requirements. Defining these classes starts the process of building the Formal Specification in the high level repository.

FIG. 9C is a screenshot of the dialog box to modify the properties of an aggregation relationship between any two classes specified in the dialog box. Both inheritance and aggregation relationships have to have been previously created using a dialog box similar to FIG. 9A.

Phase 2: Relationships between classes. This process involves finding Aggregations and Inheritances including their properties.

The following chart will underscore these relationships:

-   -   The system will manage the expense reporting of employees,         expense approvals and payments.     -   Expenses will reflect both: pattern currency and its equivalent         to other currency. Expense line will only allow input in pattern         currency.     -   Employees may present an expense report when they have supported         expenses on behalf of the company. Typically, the expenses are         associated to a certain project or specific task.     -   At presenting the expense report, associated tickets or receipts         will be attached and advances will be reflected. Advances must         be discounted out from the expense report balance.     -   The expense report, once presented, must be authorized by a         responsible of the expenses (employees manager typically). The         authorization process will allow rejection of the expenses if         necessary.

Once authorized, the expense report will be approved for payment by a responsible of accounting, Once paid, it will be marked as so.

The Procedure will be as follows:

-   -   Prior to any expense, the employee may request money in advance.         This will not be reflected in the Expenses Management System.     -   The employee will provide all expenses and advances tickets to         the system operator (may be himself). It will include         explanations for expenses when required.     -   Once introduced the information in the system, the employee will         issue it closing the expenses report. Then it will be pending to         be approved.     -   A responsible of expenses will authorise the expenses if         proceeds and it will be pending to be payment approved. If not,         it will be rejected with a comment indicating why it has been         rejected. The expenses report will be then back open to be         modified.     -   Payments responsible will approve the payment. Once approved, it         will lock to be marked as paid. Only payments responsible will         be able to unlock the expenses reports back in case of error.     -   Once the payment has been done, the Expenses Report is marked as         paid indicating date and payment media. If balance was debit,         advances were bigger that expenses, a warning message will         require confirmation of payment.         Detailed Information to be Captured         Expense:

Header and footer: General information of the Expense.

-   -   Employee Code and Name.     -   Trip cause, visit to or general expense cause.     -   Project to charge expenses to.     -   Total advanced amount. Both currencies     -   Total expenses. Both currencies     -   Balance. Both currencies     -   Date of Expenses Report issuing.     -   Expenses approval date.     -   Payment date and media.     -   Payment comments, if proceeds.     -   Rejection cause, if proceeds.         Expense Line:

Each line details a certain expense.

Including:

-   -   Expense date.     -   Expense Type: (Car usage in Km, allowance, etc.) Some expense         types will have a fixed price, some will perform a calculation,         other will let operator to include the amount as figures in         ticket.     -   Units. The meaning will depend on expense type. Some types will         not allow operator to use this.     -   Prize to apply. Prize per unit in pattern currency. Depends on         expense type.     -   Expense description.     -   Expense Line total. Both currencies         Employee:     -   Employee code. This must be unique in the system.     -   Name and First name     -   Site, phone numbers, email.         Querying and Reporting Facilities:

The results of any search in the application may be considered as a report so it must be possible to be printed as well as exported to Office tools like Word, Excel. It would be desirable to be ordered by any column while it is in the screen and exported or printed in that order.

The Expense Reports will be selected under the following criteria or a combination of them: by project, employee, issuing date, authorization date and payment date. Dates searching facilities will be better introduced as a period.

The Expense Report will show the following information:

-   -   Project     -   Employee name     -   Status     -   Approval Date     -   Paid     -   Payment Date     -   Total expenses     -   Balance

The Expense Report will be printed under specific format including the Expense lines.

Employees will allow to be searched by a combination of any data contained in Employee definition.

No inheritance relationship used in this model.

FIG. 10 is a dialog box to create the relationships between specified classes and which graphically shows the relationships so created and all the properties of those relationships.

Phase 3: Filling in all classes' details. This process involves dentifying attributes, services and integrity constraints for each class. We will focus in Expense class, mark attributes by underscore and mark services in italics.

The system will manage the expense reporting of employees, expense approvals and payments. Expenses will reflect both: pattern currency and its equivalent to other currency. Expense line will only allow input in pattern currency.

Employees may present an expense report when they have supported expenses on behalf of the company. Typically, the expenses are associated to a certain project or specific task.

At presenting the expense report, associated tickets will be attached and advances will be reflected. Advances must be discounted out from the expense report balance.

The expense report, once presented, must be authorized by a responsible of the expenses. The authorization process will allow reject the expenses if necessary.

Once authorized, the expense report will be approved for payment by a responsible of accounting. Once paid, it will be marked as so.

The Procedure will be as follows:

-   -   Prior to any expense, the employee may request money in advance.         This will not be reflected in the Expenses Management System.     -   The employee will provide all expenses and advances tickets to         the system operator (may be himself). It will include         explanations for expenses when required.     -   Once introduced the information in the system, the employee will         issue it closing the expenses report. Then it will be pending to         be approved.     -   A responsible of expenses will authorise the expenses if         proceeds and it will be pending to be payment approved. If not,         it will be rejected with a comment indicating why it has been         rejected. The expenses report will be then back open to be         modified.     -   Payments responsible will approve the payment. Once approved, it         will lock to be marked as paid. Only payments responsible         manager will be able to unlock the expenses reports in case of         error.     -   Once the payment has been done, the Expenses Report is marked as         paid, indicating date and payment media. If balance was debit,         advances were bigger that expenses, a warning message will         require confirmation of payment.         Detailed Information to be Captured         Expense:

Header and footer: General information of the Expense.

-   -   Employee: Code and Name.     -   Trip cause, visit to or general expense cause.     -   Project to charge expenses to.     -   Total advanced amount. Both currencies     -   Total expenses. Both currencies     -   Balance. Both currencies     -   Date of Expenses Report issuing.     -   Expenses approval date.     -   Payment date and media.     -   Payment comments, if proceeds.     -   Rejection cause, if proceeds.         Expense Line:

Each line details a certain expense.

Including:

-   -   Expense date.     -   Expense Type: (Car usage in Km, allowance, etc.) Some expense         types will have a fixed price, some will perform a calculation,         other will let operator to include the amount as figures in         ticket.     -   Units. The meaning will depend on expense type. Some types will         not allow operator to use this. Prize to apply. Prize per unit         in pattern currency. Depends on expense type.     -   Expense description.     -   Expense Line total. Both currencies         Employee:     -   Employee code. This must be unique in the system.     -   Name and First name     -   Site, phone numbers, email.         Querying and Reporting Facilities:

The results of any search in the application may be considered as a report so it must be possible to be printed as well as exported to Office tools like Word, Excel. It would be desirable to be ordered by any column while it is in the screen and exported or printed in that order.

The Expense Reports will be selected under the following criteria or a combination of them: by project, employee, issuing date, authorization date and payment date. Dates searching facilities will be better introduced as a period.

The Expense Report will show the following information:

-   -   Project     -   Employee name     -   Status     -   Approval Date     -   Paid     -   Payment Date     -   Total expenses     -   Balance

The Expense Report will be printed under specific format including the Expense lines.

Employees will allow to be searched by a combination of any data contained in Employee definition.

FIG. 11 is comprised of FIG. 11(A) and FIG. 11B. FIG. 11(A) shows the dialog box used to define the attributes for the Expense class with their properties. This dialog box is used to define whether each attribute is constant, variable or derived, the type of data it contains and other things. FIG. 11B is the dialog box used to fill in the formulas used for derivation of the values of attributes of classes from the values of other attributes. The difference between the derivation formulas and the formulas defined in the functional model dialog box is that the formulas defined using the functional model dialog box change the values of attributes when services are performed while derivation formulas change the value of attributes only when the values of the other attributes used in the derivation formula change. That is, the formulas defined using the functional model relate services to the values of attributes they operate upon. Formulas defined by the derivation dialog box relate the value of one or more attributes to the values of other attributes.

Note that some services force the existence of an attribute. Note also that items above that seem to the reader to be attributes probably are attributes but not for the expense class and therefore were not marked.

The value of some attributes depends on the value of other attributes of the class Expense. These attributes are called Derived. For example the attribute Balance is derived from the attributes Total Expenses and Total Advances and has the formula: Balance=Total expenses−Total Advances, as illustratrated in FIG. 11(B) which is a dialog box in which the formula to derive this attribute is defined by the modeller.

We will model the status of a expense report according to the marked situations with one attribute called “Status” which has arbitrarily decided possible values of: 0=Open (modifying the expense report), 1=Closed (pending to be authorized), 2=Authorized (pending to be approved), 3=Rejected (not authorized), 4=Payment pending (payment approved but not paid), 5=Payment Rejected (not allowed to be paid) and 6=Paid (the expense has been paid)

FIG. 1 shows a dialog box which a SOSY modeler uses to define the services of the Expense class with their arguments.

Single services detected, known as events:

-   -   newexpense: Allows to create a new Expense Report. It's a         special service marked as “New” event.     -   delexpense: Allows to delete an existing Expense Report. It's a         special service marked as “Destroy” event.     -   modify: Allows to change some data of an existing Expense         Report. It will change the value of the attributes Cause,         Advances and Exchange.     -   eclose: Mark an existing Expense Report as ready to authorize.     -   authorize: Mark an existing Expense Report as authorized and         ready to be approved.     -   approve: Mark an existing Expense Report as approved for         payment.     -   pay: Mark an existing Expense Report as paid indicating the date         and optional comments.     -   rejectautho: Reject the authorization for an existing Expense         Report marking it as “Rejected” with optional comments.     -   rejectpayment: Reject the payment for an existing Expense Report         with optional comments     -   cancelapprove: Unlocks the expenses report

Complex services detected, marked as local transactions:

-   -   TNEW: Create an new Expense Report. It will use the “newexpense”         event, that will be marked as internal (the interface will not         offer the service marked as “internal”). This service has not be         expressed in Requirements but it's necessary according to the         aggregation relationship with the “PaymentType” class. The         properties of this relationship allows to “New” event to set the         relationship with “PaymentType”, it has no sense until it has         been paid. Encapsulating the “New” event we can set the value of         this relatioship to Null.     -   DELETEALL: Delete an existing Expense Report and all its lines.         It will use the “deleteexpense” event, that will be marked as         internal (the interface will not offer the service marked as         “internal”). This service has not be expressed in Requirements         but it's necessary according to the aggregation relationship         with the “ExpenseLine” class. The properties of this         relationship express that an existing Expense Report can not be         delete while having lines.     -   TPAY: According to the requirement “Once the payment has been         done, the Expenses Report is marked as paid indicating date and         payment media” we need to encapsulated several services.

FIG. 13 is a screenshot of the dialog box used to create one formula in a local transaction carried out by a composed service (single services are called events, and composed services are called local transactions).

FIG. 14 a dialog box used by the modeler to enter the integrity constraint formula and error message text of “Expense” class.

It's obvious, the value of the attribute “Exchange” always must be greater than zero. FIG. 14 is a screenshot of the dialog box the SOSY modeler uses to define the formula that encodes the integrity constraint and the corresponding error message.

Phase 4: Express evaluations. During this phase, one or more dialog boxes are presented to the SOSY modeler wherein he or she expresses evaluations of what will be the effect of all event for each variable attributes of each class.

This is the process of building the functional model portion of the Conceptual Model. The value change of an attribute when an event happens is known as “evaluation”.

FIG. 15 is a dialog box to enter the functional model formulas that define evaluation of the attribute “cause” with the “modify” event (an event is a single service). The functional model relates services mathematically through well-formed formulas to the values of attributes these services act upon. Note that at box 724, the SOSY modeler has not filled in an evaluation formula that could be encoded in the final code to do a calculation to change the value of “cause” when the modify event occurs. Instead, as seen from box 726, the value of “cause” will be changed to whatever the value of the argument “p_cause” of the event “modify” when “modify” is executed.

Phase 5: Agent relationships. A big benefit of our Modeler is that the users of the system are part of it. Users are active objects (request services of other classes) and the different “profiles”, i.e., users, are represented as agent classes. We must express which services of any class can be executed by every “profile”. Also, we must express the visibility of class attributes for every “profile” so that the object system view can be presented properly by the user interface when the user logs in

FIG. 16 is a dialog box which can be used by the SOSY modeller to establish the services the user “accountuser” can access and the visibility of class attributes for this user on the user interface.

Phase 6: State transition diagram. It's required for proper construction of the Conceptual Model to express the correct life cycle for every class of the model, indicating the correct order of execution for all the class services. Also, we can express conditions that must be satisfied in order to allow the execution of a service, which are called “preconditions”.

FIG. 17 is one of the two graphical user interface diagrams of the dynamic model on which the SOSY modeler has drawn a graphic illustrating the state transitions for the “expense” class. Each state in the state transition diagram represents a valid state for the object and represents one of the “valid lives” and really is one of the unseen attributes of the expense class. An object can only enter one of the displayed states if the corresponding service has been thrown to transition to it from a previous state.

According to last paragraph of the Procedure in the requirements, if the Advances are greater than total expenses, the system must force the confirmation of the account user. It is expressed as a precondition in the “TPAY” transaction. FIG. 18 is a dialog box used by the SOSY modeler to establish this precondition.

Phase 7: Presentation Model. Finally, we can complete the Conceptual Model with the user interface requirements. We focus on Expense class. The following chart will mark by underscore the set of attributes to be displayed and will mark the searching criteria by setting them off in italics

The system will manage the expense reporting of employees, expense approvals and payments.

Expenses will reflect both: pattern currency and its equivalent to other currency. Expense line will only allow input in pattern currency.

Employees may present a expense report when they have supported expenses on behalf of the company. Typically, the expenses are associated to a certain project or specific task.

At presenting the expense report, associated tickets will be attached and advances will be reflected. Advances must be discounted out from the expense report balance.

The expense report, once presented, must be authorized by a responsible of the expenses. The authorization process will allow reject the expenses if proceed.

Once authorized, the expense report will be approved for payment by a responsible of accounting, Once paid, it will be marked as so.

The Procedure will be as follows:

-   -   Prior to any expense, the employee may request money in advance.         This will not be reflected in the Expenses Management System.     -   The employee will provide all expenses and advances tickets to         the system operator (may be himself). It will include         explanations for expenses when required.     -   Once introduced the information in the system, the employee will         issue it closing the expenses report. Then it will be pending to         be approved.     -   A responsible of expenses will authorise the expenses if         proceeds and it will be pending to be payment approved. If not,         it will be rejected with a comment indicating why it has been         rejected. The expenses report will be then back open to be         modified.     -   A payments responsible will approve the payment. Once approved,         it will locked to be marked as paid. Only a payments responsible         will be able to unlock the expenses reports back in case of         error.     -   Once the payment has been done, the Expenses Report is marked as         paid indicating date and payment media. If balance was debit,         advances were bigger that expenses, a warning message will         require confirmation of payment.         Detailed Information to be Captured         Expense:

Header and footer: General information of the Expense.

-   -   Employee: Code and Name.     -   Trip cause, visit to or general expense cause.     -   Project to charge expenses to.     -   Total advanced amount. Both currencies     -   Total expenses. Both currencies     -   Balance. Both currencies     -   Date of Expenses Report issuing.     -   Expenses approval date.     -   Payment date and media.     -   Payment comments, if proceeds.     -   Rejection cause, if proceeds.         Expense Line:

Each line details a certain expense.

Including:

-   -   Expense date.     -   Expense Type: (Car usage in Km, allowance, etc.) Some expense         types will have a fixed price, some will perform a calculation,         other will let operator to include the amount as figures in         ticket.     -   Units. The meaning will depend on expense type. Some types will         not allow operator to use this.     -   Prize to apply. Prize per unit in pattern currency. Depends on         expense type.     -   Expense description.     -   Expense Line total. Both currencies         Employee:     -   Employee code. This must be unique in the system.     -   Name and First name     -   Site, phone numbers, email.         Querying and Reporting Facilities:

The results of any search in the application may be considered as a report so it must be possible to be printed as well as exported to Office tools like Word, Excel. It would be desirable to be ordered by any column while it is in the screen and exported or printed in that order.

The Expense Reports will be selected under the following criteria or a combination of them: by project, employee, issuing date, authorization date, and payment date. Dates searching facilities will be better introduced as a period.

The Expense Report will show the following information:

-   -   Project     -   Employee name     -   Status     -   Approval Date     -   Paid     -   Payment Date     -   Total expenses     -   Balance

The Expense Report will be printed under specific format including the Expense lines. Employees will allow to be searched by a combination of any data contained in Employee definition.

FIG. 19 is a dialog box used by the SOSY modeler to establish the set of attributes which will be displayed for the “expense” class.

FIG. 20 shows the dialog box used by the SOSY modeler to establish the searching criteria for the expense class, and indicate the filter formula to use and which variables to request from the user.

Translation Overview

The validated formal specification 215 is the source for an execution model that handles the implementation-dependent features associated with a particular machine representation. To implement the specified system, the way in which users interact with system objects is predefined. FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating the high level view of the operation of translating a formal specification into working system logic computer code to what it is referred to as “execution model” by the system logic translator 232 in FIG. 2. FIG. 6 does not set out the details of any specific translator to translate the high level repository for any specific formal specification into any specific target language working computer. Instead, FIG. 6 defines the steps or functions that all species in the subgenus of system logic translators would carry out in one way or another, maybe not in the same exact sequence. But at least these functions must be performed. The applicants believe that the translators alone may be novel in generating error-free output files from a validated formal language specification. The invention of this system logic translator subgenus is this collection of functions working together to create a working computer program and not the details of how the functions are actually performed for a particular source formal language and a particular target language source code output, although such details are believed to be separately patentable for every formal language and target source code combination.

System Logic Translator Genus Defined

The process starts by logging the user into the system and identifying the user (step 600). Although this step might be optional in some embodiments, and thus should not be considered a defining characteristic of the subgenus, most applications require the user to be identified and authenticated so that privilege or access privileges can be implemented to code the system logic to block unauthorized users from performing certain functions.

An object system view is provided (step 602), determined by the set of object attributes and services that the user can see or activate. In other words, step 602 represents the process of writing code that will query the high level repository formal specification and determine all the objects and attributes thereof this user has privileges to see and all the services of those objects this user has privileges to invoke.

After the user is connected and has a clear object system view, he can then activate any available service in the user's worldview. Among these services, there will be observations (object queries), local services, or transactions served by other objects.

Any service activation requires two steps: build the message to send to the object server including the values for the arguments needed by the service, and then send the message to the appropriate object server. The object server is a piece of computer code that actually controls the computer to perform the service. In order to build the message, code must be written to identify the object server for every service any authorized user may wish to invoke (step 604). Steps 608 through 618 actually write the code of the object servers that will execute each available service. The existence of the object server is an implicit condition for executing any service, except for the service new.

Services need arguments to execute. These arguments may come from the data structure stored attribute values. Also, the user may need to introduces service arguments for the service being activated. In the library loan example, the service loan needs the arguments as to the identity of the borrower, the title of the book loaned, and the date of the loan. So to build the service activation message, step 606 writes code to retrieve the appropriate service arguments from the requestor (which may be the user or another service) for each service. Thus, the arguments will be supplied from another object server, another program or will be from the user, typically via a interprocess data transfer path from the user interface code written by the user interface translator. Note, in some embodiments, the system logic translator might be combined with the user interface translator, so step 606 represents the process of writing code to gather the arguments from the user directly or from another process. Step 606 also writes code to write the service invocation messages that are directed to the proper object server and which contain the proper arguments such that each service may be properly invoked when a request to do so is received.

Step 608 represents the process of writing code that allows a user or another process to invoke a service, and when the service is invoked, writes a message with the proper arguments needed by the service and sends it to the object server that carries out the service. Once the message is sent, the service execution is characterized by the occurrence of the following sequence of actions in the server object which are the actions that the code written by steps 610 through 618 must control the computer to perform in implementing the object server. In other words, steps 610 through 618 write object servers that have the following behaviors. First, the state transitions of every object which the object server can alter are checked so as to verify that a valid transition exists for the current object state in the formal specification for the selected. In other words, step 610 represents the step of writing object server code for every service which verifies state transitions can be validly made (make sense) for the current state of every object the object server is altering the state of before actually altering the state of the object.

Second, step 612 writes code for every object server which checks preconditions to ensure their satisfaction before acting upon an object to making a state transition thereof. In other words, the code written by step 612 makes sure the precondition associated with each service are satisfied before the service can be invoked. If either of these events is true (a state transition does not make sense, or a precondition has not been satisfied), the code written by steps 610 and 612 ignores the service invocation message, and the service will not be executed.

Next, step 614 writes codes that computes all the valuation calculations required of each object server. To ensure that the service execution leads the object to a valid state, the integrity constraints (step 616) are verified in the final state. In other words, step 616 writes code for every object server which verifies that any integrity constraints on results are satisfied, and takes some appropriate action if they are not such as flagging an error, etc. If the constraint does not hold, an exception will arise in the code written, and the code written will control the computer such that the previous change of state is ignored.

Step 618 writes code for each object server that will test for the occurrence of trigger events after an object's state has been changed and take appropriate action if a trigger event has occurred. In other words, the code written by step 618 will have the following behavior. After a valid change of state occurs, the set of condition-action rules (triggers) that represents the internal system activity are verified. If any of them hold (a trigger event is satisfied), the specified service in the condition-action rules will be triggered.

Accordingly, the steps illustrated in FIG. 6 guide the implementation of any program to assure the functional equivalence between the object system specification collected in the Conceptual Model and its implementation in an actual programming environment.

In one embodiment of the present invention, several translators may be used to complement the CASE tool 210 to constitute an automatic software production system. In one implementation, for example, the translators produce an application in accordance with a three-tiered architecture. Particularly, three different translators arise, corresponding to each tier: a system logic translator 232, a user-interface translator 234, and a database generator 236. In addition, a fourth translator is used, documentation generator 238. These different translators are characterized by the output produced and, though potentially having the same input, each translator focuses on a particular subset of information in the above mentioned high level repository 215.

System Logic Translation: The Details

The system logic translator 232 automatically generates code for a third generation programming language from information in the high level repository. The output of the system logic translator 232 corresponds with the middle-tier in a three-tiered architecture.

In one embodiment, the system logic translator 232 produces source code that covers the following: (1) communications subsystem, (2) access to and communication with the persistence layer (the database or other file structure in which the values of all attributes of all objects are stored), (3) standard query services for reading the persistence layer contents, and (4) error handling produced by the persistence layer and client communications.

The communications subsystem is configured for receiving requests from a client, invoking internal methods, and returning replies to requesters, that verify the requestor's existence and authorization to perform the requested service; verify the existence and validity of the requested server instance; create a copy of the requested server instance in memory accessing the persistence layer for persistent attributes or calculating the value of derived ones; validate state transition for the requested service as specified in the state transition diagram 400 in the Conceptual Model; verify that the requested service's preconditions hold; perform all valuations related to the requested service as specified in the functional model; verify constraints for the new state achieved by the requested server instance; check trigger conditions to execute the corresponding actions; and make changes in the requested server instance persistent.

In addition, code is generated for access to and communication with the persistence layer, service standard queries to read persistence layer contents, and handle errors produced by the persistence layer and communications with client.

In one embodiment, the first phase of code generation is the retrieval of information from the Conceptual Model 215 and storage of this information in code generation structures in memory. Three kinds of elements guide the retrieval of information: classes, global transactions, and global functions. Relevant information to be obtained from classes in the Conceptual Model include: name, constant attributes (name, type, requested upon creation, and initialization value formula), variable attributes (name, type, requested upon creation, initialization value formula, and null values admittance), derived attributes (name, type, and derivation formula), identification function, events (name, arguments: name and type, and precondition formula), transactions (name, type, arguments: name and type, precondition formula, and transaction formula), valuation formulae, state transitions (initial state, final state, service name, valid agents, and transition condition formula), static constraints formulae, dynamic constraints formulae, trigger conditions formulae, ancestor class (name), specialized classes (name, specialization condition formula, precondition redefinitions, and valuation redefinitions), aggregation relationships (related class, cardinalities, static or dynamic, and role names), and population selection patterns (filter: name and filter variables, order criteria).

Relevant information to be obtained from global interactions in the Conceptual Model include: name, arguments (name and type), and global interaction formula. Relevant information to be obtained from global functions in the Conceptual Model: include: name, return type, and arguments (name and type).

Generated code follows a component-based structure, based on the main unit of information that is found in the Conceptual Model, that is: the class. Each class in the Conceptual Model yields, in a first approach, several of software components. For example, one component, referred to as a “server component” has an interface comprising a method for each service present in the signature of the corresponding class. Another component, whose interface comprises the methods necessary to query the population of the corresponding class, is called a “query component.” A particular kind of executive component is the component relating to global interactions defined in the Conceptual Model, whose interface consists of a method per global interaction.

These components constitute the two access points the second or middle tier offered to the first or presentation tier. Server components receive requests from the presentation tier that relate to the execution of services, and query components receive requests from the presentation tier that relate with querying the persistence tier. Nevertheless these are not the only components generated.

Another generated component directly related to a class of the Conceptual Model is the one called “Executive Component” and is responsible for resolving or executing each of the services in the signature of the corresponding class. This component receives request from its corresponding server component or from other executive components.

Since a main purpose of the executive component is to resolve the services offered in the class signature, the interface presented by the executive component to the other components comprises of a method per service. Each of these methods is structured according to the execution model in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

In other words, the executive component is responsible for the following operations: verify the existence and validity for the requested server instance; create a copy of the requested server instance in memory accessing the persistence layer (by means of the above mentioned corresponding query component) to retrieve the values of constant and variable attributes; validate state transition for the requested service and the present state of the requested server instance as specified in the corresponding state transition diagram in the Conceptual Model; verify the satisfaction of the requested service preconditions; modify the value of the instance variable attributes by performing all valuations affected by the service as specified in the functional model of the Conceptual Model, thus changing the state of the requested server instance; validate the new state achieved by the requested server instance by verifying its static and dynamic restrictions; check trigger conditions to determine which actions should be triggered if needed; communicate with the persistence layer for all persistent attributes of the requested server instance. Additionally, if the class is an agent of any service, another method is added to the interface whose purpose is that of validating the requestor's existence.

Another kind of executive component is a component related to global interactions defined in the Conceptual Model, whose interface consists of a method per global interaction.

If the class belongs to an inheritance hierarchy, all executive components of the same hierarchy are grouped into a single, special executive component. Nevertheless there would still be one server component per class in the hierarchy.

Another component to which a class in the Conceptual Model gives rise is a component called the “T component”. This component is used to store a copy of the constant and variable attributes of an instance of the corresponding class, as well as the methods to calculate the value of its derived attributes. The corresponding query component implements a collection whose items are T components.

Another component to which a class in the Conceptual Model may give rise is a component called “P component”. This component is used to store in memory the values needed to initialize the constant and variable attributes of the corresponding class when creating an instance of it, or just the values of the attributes that constitute the class identification mechanism. Such a component appears whenever the corresponding class is a multi-valued component of an aggregation relationship.

Another component to which a class in the Conceptual Model may give rise is a component called “PL component”. This component implements a collection whose items are P components, as well as the methods needed to add and get items from the collection, and get the number of items in the collection. Such a component appears whenever the corresponding class is a multi-valued component of an aggregation relationship.

Another component to which a class in the Conceptual Model may give rise is a component called “C Components”. This component is used to store in memory the values needed to initialize the constant and variable attributes of the corresponding class when creating an instance of it. Such a component appears whenever the corresponding class is a temporal or permanent, condition-based, specialization.

Additional components includes a CC component, an error component, a trigger component, a trigger list component, an instance list component, and condition, disjunction, and conjunction components.

The CC component appears whenever there is, at least one temporal or permanent, condition-based, specialization in the Conceptual Model. The CC component implements a collection whose items are C components, a pair of methods to add and get items to the collection (one pair per C component generated), and a method to get the number of items in the collection.

The error component always appears and is used to store information about the success or failure of a service execution. The trigger component stores information about a satisfied trigger condition so that the corresponding action can be later executed. The trigger list component implements a collection whose items are trigger components, as well as the methods to add an item to the collection, get any item from the collection, get the first item and get the number of items in the collection.

The instance list component implements a collection whose items are executive components playing in the execution of a given service. In addition to methods used to add an item to the collection, get an item, and get the number of items in the collection, this component implements a method to empty the collection and another one to look for an instance by its identification function.

The condition, disjunction and conjunction Components are always generated and support the construction of complex boolean expressions, used to query the persistence layer, structured as a conjunction of disjunctions. The condition component stores information about a simple boolean condition, that is: two operands and an operator (+, −, *, /, =, <>, <, <=, >=, >. . . ). The disjunction component implements a collection whose items are condition components (that is, a disjunction of conditions), as well as methods to add and get a condition from the collection and a method to get the number of conditions in the collection. The conjunction component implements a collection whose items are disjunction components (that is, a conjunction of disjunctions), as well as methods to add and get a disjunction from the collection and a method to get the number of disjunctions in the collection.

In addition, two modules are also generated: a global module for grouping attributes and methods shared through the generated code, and a global functions module that groups the code of all global functions defined in the Conceptual Model.

Translation Strategy and Architecture

In accordance with one embodiment, code generation is driven by the information retrieved from the high level repository 215. The translation process can be divided into four phases: validation of the Conceptual Model (performed by validator 220), translation of the corresponding data model into a relational database management system (performed by database generator 236), retrieval of information from the Conceptual Model and storage of this information in memory structures and finally, generation of files from the information stored in memory (e.g. reading the information in memory structures to generate code in the target programming language).

Validation of the Conceptual Model is mandatory, while data model translation is optional, but both can be considered as prerequisites to the other two phases which are the ones strictly related to code generation. Translation structures are designed to store input information from the Conceptual Model and all have a method that uses this information to generate source code in the target programming language.

These translation structures include: a class to store information needed to generate server components (server class), a class to store information needed to generate server components for global interactions (global interactions server class), a class to store information needed to generate executive components (analysis class), a class to store information needed to generate executive components for global interactions (global interactions analysis class), a class to store information needed to generate executive components for inheritance hierarchies (inheritance hierarchy analysis class), a class to store information needed to generate query components (query class), a class to store information needed to generate T components (T class), a class to store information needed to generate C components (C class), a class to store information needed to generate CC component (CC class), a class to store information needed to generate P components (P class), a class to store information needed to generate PL components (PL class), a class to store information on the arguments for every service of every class in the Conceptual Model (arguments list class), a class to store information on the identification function of every class in the Conceptual Model (analysis class list class), classes to generate the methods needed to resolve a service in executive components (event class, shared event class, transaction class, interaction class), classes to generate the auxiliary methods needed to resolve a service in both executive components and executive components for inheritance hierarchies (precondition class, static constraints class, dynamic constraints class, . . . etc.). classes to generate methods needed in query and T components (T & Q method classes), a class to generate inheritance-specific methods (inheritance method class), and a class to monitor the generation process (code generation class).

The code generation class is responsible for retrieving all the information needed to generate code and for doing so in the appropriate order, for writing to files the generated code and organizing it into files properly according to the component-based structure. The code generation class maintains lists of the above mentioned generation structures in memory in which information retrieved from the Conceptual Model is to be stored and it later loops through these lists to write the appropriate files.

The information retrieval process basically comprises a series of loops through the classes in the Conceptual Model to gather all information needed, a loop trough global interactions and a loop through global functions in the Conceptual Model.

The last phase in the code generation process covers writing to files according to the component-based structure presented herein. This process comprises: looping through the lists of instances above described that maintain the information needed to generate components and their attributes and methods, and call each element's code generation method; generating global interactions executive component; generating global interactions server component; generating global functions module; and generating standard components.

For each global function in the Conceptual Model, a method is generated in this module that: has a global function name, has an argument. For each argument in that global function with the same name and whose type is translated into the corresponding one in the target programming language, and its return type is translated too.

User-Interface Translation

The user-interface translator 234 automatically generates source code for a third generation programming language from information in the high level repository. Its output corresponds with the presentation tier in a three-tiered architecture. Thus, the user-interface translator 234 provides as output the source code of a component that implements the user interface functionality. This component is automatically generated without human intervention. The user-interface translator 234 uses as input data a validated Conceptual Model 215 and offers as output data, source code in a third generation language that implements an equivalent functional prototype related to the Conceptual Model the component is derived from.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the user-interface translator 234 produces source code to perform the following: a communications subsystem able to send requests to a business component, and receive replies; a logon to system for user authentication; and a menu of available services for specific authenticated user. For each available service, frame, screen or data collection dialog of all service arguments, the user-interface translator 234 generates code that sets initial values for arguments, validates introduced data (type, range, object existence, etc.), and calling to server activation. In addition, the user-interface translator 234 generates code for standard query services that list all instances status in a class and error handling.

Additionally, code is generated for a wider and flexible user-interface operation. In a query service frame, form or screen, the following functionality will be available when a certain instance has been selected: navigation through relationships with related selected object. This navigation is used to browse among related data items following its related links. Additional functionality includes services activation for selected object; advanced query services including: filters (population selection), views (status selection), and sorting criteria; and context keeping for filling-in known services arguments. Context keeping is a user-facility. Context is data associated to the working user environment. This data is useful to provide default values for service arguments.

For its input, the user-interface translator 234 reads specification 215 of a Conceptual Model and stores this kind of information in intermediate structures in memory. The user-interface translator 234 is independent of the input medium in which the Conceptual Model is provided. In this way, the intermediate structures can be loaded from different data sources. The model is iterated in several passes to extract the relevant information in each phase of the translation process from the formal specification, including information about classes, aggregation relationships, inheritance relationships, agent relationships, global interactions, user defined functions, and interface patterns.

Translated applications are composed by forms that contain the user-interface offered to final user. A form, in abstract sense, is the interaction unit with the final user. Forms are translated depending on capabilities of the target environment to match the requirements: e.g. windows dialogues for Windows environments, HTML pages in Web platforms, applets in Java, etc.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram representing the sequence of functions that all translators in the subgenus of user interface translators will perform. The details of how each function is performed will vary from one target source code type to the next, but all species will share the characteristics of performing the functions of FIG. 7, possibly not in the same order.

Translated applications supply the user connection to the system. The user connection is resolved using an access form to identify and authenticate the user, block 700. In addition, the translated application provides a system user view, block 702. A user must be able to access services the user can launch, but should be presented with a system view that is appropriate to the user's privilege level. Block 702 represents the process of looking up the user's privilege level and determining which objects the user can have access and presenting a system view to the user which only allows the user to invoke functions that are appropriate to the user's privilege level. The main form is designed to accomplish this task.

For each service that can be executed by a user, the translated application locates the appropriate object server code in the system logic code previously generated, and generates an activation service form which points to the appropriate object server for each service the user can invoke, block 704.

For each class, the translated application generates a query/selection form. This form allows users to query data instances, search instances that fulfill a given condition, observe related instances and know which services can be launched for a given object in its current state, block 706. For each service, the translated application furnishes initialization values for object-valued arguments. Initial data is provided too by managing information obtained from the browse made by the user, and any user input arguments for services are checked to make sure they are valid data types for the arguments the data is intended to supply, and within valid ranges for the arguments the user input data is intended to fill. Blocks 708 and 710. The process represented by block 710 also represents the process of writing code to check for dependencies between arguments. If this code finds that a dependency exists, and a user input triggers a dependency, it displays an appropriate form requesting the user to input data to satisy the dependency and check that data for valid data type and within an acceptable range.

Block 712 represents the process of writing code to invoke the appropriate object server code when a user makes and input indicating a desire to invoke any service that the user is authorized to invoke, and to pass to that object server the appropriate arguments. Block 714 represents the process of writing code to wait for results and display an error message if an error occurred. If no error occurred, the code waits for further user input.

The user encounters different scenarios interacting with the application. These scenarios lead to defining different types of forms. In the next section, each kind of form will be described.

In the Conceptual Model 215, some classes are defined as agents of services classes (called agent classes). That is, if an object is a service agent it is allowed to request the service. Each agent object must be validated, i.e., authenticated before trying to request services. The Access Form requests an agent class (selected from a list of valid agents classes), an object identifier and a password. The data collected is used to verify if there exists a valid agent object that is allowed to access the system.

The Application Main Form contains a menu, where user can view the services he is allowed to execute. The source code required to implement each action requested by user is automatically generated.

For each accessible service for at least one agent, a Service Form is generated. These forms have an introduction field for each argument the user must provide. This argument's fields have attached code to validate data-types, sizes, value-ranges, nulls, etc. (block 710 process). Object-valued fields provide facilities to search the object browsing information and filter it. Code is generated to accomplish this task.

Each service argument can take its initial value in three different ways:

1. By Initial values. In the Conceptual Model, the designer can provide default values for attributes and arguments. If such value exists, code must be generated to supply the value (block 708).

2. By Context. Context information (for example, a list of recently observed objects) is useful to suggest values to object-valued arguments that have the same type as collected ones. A function is generated to search appropriate values in the recently visited objects list.

3. By Dependency Pattern. In the Conceptual Model, the system designer can define Dependency Patterns. The Status Recovery pattern is an implicit set of dependency patterns too. In both cases, the change on an argument, can affect values in other arguments. So, the processing of block 710 is performed.

Data Validation (block 710) can occur just after data input, interactively warning the user and just before sending data to system-logic. Object-valued arguments validation requires checking object existence. To support validation, a function is generated for each service argument. The function is invoked before sending a request to system-logic.

The code written by one species of the user interface translator works in the following way. When the user requests service execution, the service arguments are validated by the code written by block 710. If the service arguments are valid, system logic is invoked to accomplish the service by code written by the process of block 712. The message built to invoke the system-logic uses the formal order to sort the arguments.

After executing the service, the user is informed whether the service succeeded or not (block 714). Accordingly, code to validate arguments and Code to invoke the system-logic with necessary arguments in the formal order are generated. Furthermore, possible errors are returned to inform the user.

The Query/Selection Form permits the querying of objects (that can be restrained by filters) and the selection of an object. When an object is selected, the user can browse to other data items related to the object. In the same way, the user can launch a service of the selected object.

These query/selection forms include graphic items representing filters. A visual component is used to filter the population of a class. Filters may contain variables. In such cases, fields for the variables are requested to users in order to form the condition of the filter. For example: Find cars by color, by type and model.

These query/selection forms also include a visual component to show objects. Inside this component objects that fulfill the filter condition (or every class population if filters are not defined) appear. The attributes displayed in the component are fixed by a Display Set.

These query/selection forms also include a visual component to launch services. For example: given a car, the user can launch services in order to rent the car, return, or sell it. This task is achieved by a function that determines which service to launch of what object. The corresponding Service Form is invoked for each exposed service. These query/selection forms also include a component to initiate browsing. For example: given a car, the user can view the driver, the driver's sons, etc. When the user navigates (follows a link from an object) a new query/selection form is displayed. In the same way that the previous component, there exists code to invoke the next form to display when user browses objects. When a query/selection form is reached by navigation, the form receives information about the previous object in order to display only the data related to that initial object.

In the applications, visited objects and navigation paths followed by users are stored in some embodiments. This information is named Context Information. When the user browses data between query/selection forms, the path followed is stored. Finally, when the user tries to invoke a service and a service form is needed, the application can provide, as an extra input to the service form, this contextual information. Then, the Service Form uses this data to provide initial values for object-valuated arguments.

User-Interface Translator Architecture

Using the Conceptual Model 215 used as input, the user-interface translator 234 can retrieve information from memory structures, a relational database, using a query API or any other input source. An intermediate structure in memory is filled with the Conceptual Model data relevant for translating the user-interface component. Intermediate structure follows an architecture to the one defined in the Conceptual Model schema in which can be queried for classes, services, and attributes for a specific Conceptual Model.

When data is loaded in the intermediate structure, the real translation phase begins. Inside the source code files of the generated application, two types of files can be distinguished. One type of file is a set of files having fixed contents. These files correspond to structures or auxiliary functions widely used that are always produced in the same way. These files are generated by dumping byte streams directly from the translator to final files in order to create them. Other files strongly depend from the Conceptual Model that is being processed. Therefore, although these files have a well-defined structure (detailed in the previous section), they have variable parts depending on the processed model. The user-interface translator 234 iterates the Conceptual Model to extract the relevant data to generate these variable parts.

The translation process for the user-interface translator 234 has the following tasks for the preferred species as part of the genus processing symbolized by FIG. 7:

1. Generate the fixed files, e.g. headers, definitions, constants, and auxiliary functions to its respective files.

2. Generate auxiliary widgets (controls or Java Beans) depending on the application

3. For each class, generate a query/selection form, an instance selection component, a specialization component (if class is specialized from other class and requires extra initialization). For each service class, also generate a service form.

4. Generate an access form (identification).

5. Generate a main form containing the menu application (block 702).

6. Generate communication functions to reach system-logic server (block 704). These functions encapsulate the invocation of services available in the prototypes.

The Access Form generated as by the code written by block 700 is a little dialog box containing: a list of agent classes (from this list, the user chooses one), a field where the user provides OID for a valid object instance belonging to the previously selected class and a field for password. This form is mostly generated in a fixed way. The only varying section for each model is the mentioned agent classes list. By iterating over the model classes list and by checking which classes are agents such agent classes list can be obtained.

In order to provide access to the application's functionality (block 704), the services are arranged in an access-hierarchy to be converted to menu bars (Visual Basic client), HTTP pages (Web client) or any other structure that allows browsing. By default, the hierarchy is built by iterating the classes and services in the Conceptual Model. The hierarchy can be seen as an access tree to the application. For each class, a tree item is built labeled with class alias. For each built-in item, this mode has the following items as descendents: an item labeled as ‘Query’ to access a query form; an item for each service defined in the current class labeled with the service alias; and, in the case of inheritance relationship with other classes, an item is built for each direct subclass labeled with subclass alias. Recursively, the same algorithm is applied until the inheritance tree is fully explored.

A Service Form requires the following input data extracted from the Conceptual Model: Service to generate, service class, arguments list, interface patterns linked to arguments. For each service, a form is generated that contains a graphic part and a functional part. The graphic part includes a widget attached to each argument that needs input from the user and a pair of widgets to accept or cancel the service launch. The functional part includes code to implement the event-drivers for the previous widgets, to initialize the properties of these widgets with default values, to validate introduced values, and to invoke the service in the system-logic component.

A detailed explanation of how to generate a Service Form follows. First, two argument lists are obtained. The first one corresponds to the arguments defined in the service declaration (FL, Formal List). In this list, the arguments are sorted by its formal declaration order. The second one contains the same arguments sorted by the presentation order (PL, Presentation List). Both orders are specified in the Conceptual Model.

Iterating through the formal List and for each argument: create a widget for each argument that has to be obtained from the user (block 708) and set relevant properties to arguments like: type, size, can be null, Introduction Pattern, Defined Selection Pattern or Population Selection Pattern

Widgets are added for OK and Cancel commands, and graphic positions of widgets are arranged so they do not overlap. In one implementation, the form is divided in a logical grid of n columns by n rows and assign positions from left to right and from top to bottom to conveniently arrange the widgets. The logical positions are translated to physical position in the target language and rearrange action commands in the bottom-right corner of the form. Finally, the form is resized to adjust the size of data contained therein.

For output, the standard header of a form is dumped to a file. This step is dependent of the target language selected. Then, the graphic part of form is dumped to the file, including the definition of basic form properties, the definition of each widget, and the widgets' actions.

Finally, the source code attached to this form is translated and dumped. This process includes translating generic functions to manage events in the form, such as open and close events and produce code to assign and free resources. Also, functions to handle the Status Recovery Pattern and dependencies between widgets are translated. Depending on the Status Recovery Pattern attached to the service, and possible Dependency Patterns defined in the service, code for changing argument values must be generated and the code that triggers such dependencies. The validation code is translated too. There are validation methods to check the values gathered in the widgets are right. Finally, a function to invoke the appropriate object server of the system-logic services is generated. The function built contains: a reference to system-logic object where the service is going to be executed; the invocation to a method that implements the service in the system-logic; and the arguments necessary to such function, constructed from values supplied from the user through widgets (block 712).

In order to generate a query/selection form, the following Conceptual Model information is required: a class and its properties (alias), and the list of the Population Selection interface patterns defined for the class. Each pattern contains: a display set, a filter, and a sort criterion. In case there is no visualization set defined, the list of attributes belonging to the class is assumed. If a class lacks a population selection pattern, the following default values will be assumed: every attribute defined in the class is considered as part of the display set, and neither a filter (in this case the whole population of the class is returned) nor a sort criteria are attached.

Generating a query/selection form also requires information about the relationships of the class. For every class, a form is generated based on this information and contains a tabular representation of the display sets of the class, a set of grouped filters that allow to restrict search through the population, and a pop-up menu including navigability links to the classes related to the first one and available services to be launched over instances of the class.

The generated software component, which has been described before, provides the user-interface client functionality that includes all the required functionality for both validating and executing a prototype compliant to the Conceptual Model it has been derived from. The applications of the component are: prototyping, to validate the Conceptual Model before the user for capturing new requirements; testing to validate the Conceptual Model by the analysts to verify that the model faithfully reflects the requirements; and ultimate application production, once the process of requirements capture is completed, the generated component can be considered as a final version implementing a functionally complete and ergonomic user interface. The component can be edited to customize the application to users desires with very little effort.

Data Model Translation

In the preferred species, the database generator 236 automatically defines a data model in a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) according to the validated specification in the high level repository 215. In other species, any data structure that at least stored the values of all object attributes in a manner that allows at least the system logic code and, preferably, the user interface code to retrieve them at will may be coded. The output of the database generator 236 corresponds with the persistence tier (database or shared data structure) in a multi-tiered architecture. In one embodiment this may be true, but it is not mandatory that the persistence tier in a multi-tiered architecture corresponds with a Relational Database Management System.

Referring to FIG. 8, there is shown a flowchart of the functions that all species of the subgenus database translator 236 must perform. The details regarding how each function is performed will depend upon the formal language of the high level repository, the source code type of the system logic, the operating system in use and the data structure being created, but all species will perform the two basic functions of FIG. 8. Block 720 represents the process of getting the values of all the attributes of all the classes at the initial time. Block 722 represents storing the values of the attributes so obtained in any data structure format, which could include a relational database. The only thing that is important is that a data structure be created that stores the entire initial state of all attributes in a structure which can be used by the system logic to subsequently read and write the values of these attributes.

From the information in the high level repository about a given Conceptual Model, scripts are generated in order to create and delete tables, constraints (primary and foreign keys) and indexes. Scripts can optionally be executed in a Relational Database Management System to effectively create said data model.

From the point of view of relational databases, data is stored in tables with relationships between them. However, from the object oriented programming point of view; data is stored in object hierarchies.

Although the automatic software production system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention is based on an object oriented methodology, it is necessary to find a physical data storage system to permanently store data managed by generated applications. Relational databases are preferred, because they are the industry-standard way to store data and, consequently, use of tables instead of objects would be desirable. Nevertheless, many object-oriented applications, like those produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, can be compatible with the Relational Model, since the static aspects of objects can be stored in tables following a translation process.

The generated data model comprises a set of tables and the corresponding relationships, as well as constraints on primary and foreign keys and indexes. The generated data model reflects system data with the attributes defined in the classes specification and other class instances properties like their state, role if they are agents.

Information, gathered from the high level repository 215 and needed to produce the corresponding data model, focuses on classes and include the name, constant attributes (either emergent or inherited); variable Attributes (either emergent or inherited); identification function; inherited identification function; aggregation relationships (either emergent or inherited); and agent information.

Preferably, the generated scripts follow a standard: ANSI SQL 92. This fact means that the generated data model can fit any database management system based on ANSI SQL 92, particularly most well known relational database management systems.

The process to obtain the data model follows these steps: For each elemental class of the Conceptual Model, a table in the selected relational database is created. For each constant or variable attribute in the class specification, a field in the table corresponding to the class is created. The field data type depends on Conceptual Model attribute data type translated into the target relational database. Derived attributes are not stored in the database since their value will be calculated upon request by special methods in the server code generated.

Primary keys are determined by attributes marked in the Conceptual Model as being identification attributes. Thus table fields corresponding to this attributes will constitute the primary key of the table. As a particular case, tables corresponding to specialized classes, in addition to fields representing emergent attributes, have fields that correspond to attributes that constitute the primary key of the table representing their ancestor class. If a specialized class does not have an identification function of its own, these fields, copied from the ancestor class, constitute the specialized table primary key. At the same time, they constitute the foreign key to the parent class table. On the other hand, if a specialized class has its own identification function, these fields only constitute a foreign key to the parent class table.

Aggregation case is more complicated, because aggregation has more dimensions. The aggregation relationship dimensions determine its cardinalities which in turn determine representation in the database: If the relationship is multivalued (maximum cardinality set to M) in both senses a new table is added in order to represent this aggregation relationship. This table has a field for each one that constitutes the primary key of related tables. The set of all these fields constitutes the primary key and, individually, fields coming from each related table's primary key, constitute foreign keys to each related table.

If the relationship is univalued (maximum cardinality set to 1) in one sense, the class related with only one instance of the other one copies the fields of the primary of the other one. These fields constitute a foreign key to the related class table.

If the relationship is univalued in both senses, any of the tables could have the foreign key to the other. The adopted option in this case is that the aggregate class has the reference to the component class. With respect to minimum cardinalities, if minimum cardinality is 0 then the corresponding field will take null values. Otherwise it will not. If identification dependence exists between two classes then fields of the primary key of the non-dependent class are copied to the table corresponding to the dependent class. They will be part of its primary key, and be a foreign key to the table of the non-depending class.

Indexes may be generated to optimize searches and reduce response time. For each foreign key, an index will be generated so foreign keys will also be search indexes.

So far the static aspects of an object have been covered, but some dynamic aspects need also be discussed. The occurrence of services characterize the evolution in an object's life for an object's state changes whenever a service happens since the value of its attributes characterize its state. The state transition diagram determines valid lives for an object. In order to monitor state transition, a new field will be added to each table corresponding to a class, to store the name of the state in the state transition diagram in which an object is at a given instant.

Generated applications must perform user authentication by requesting identification and password to agents logging on to the system. A new field will be added to tables corresponding to classes that are agents of any service in the system, to store the password of said agent.

Documentation Translation

The CASE tool 210 allows for additional information to be introduced at analysis time, which can be used to generate system's documentation. Accordingly, the documentation generator 238 automatically produces a set of documents including the formal specification, full Conceptual Model details documentation, user's help, and others, from information in the high level repository 215.

FIG. 21 is a flowchart of the processing steps that every species in the subgenus documentation translators will have to perform. Step 800 represents the process of determining from configuration data or other user input which types of support documents are going to be generated. Step 802 represents the process of getting from the Formal Specification all the appropriate information needed for the requested documents. Typically the information gathered is classes, attributes, relationships, services, arguments, etc. Step 804 represents the process of writing the support documentation in files of the appropriate format.

Due to their different nature, there is a specific generation process for the formal system specification. The rest of produced documents are based in a generic data process. This process allows to obtain the same documents in different formats and define any new type of document.

CASE tools must provide multiple documents that can be automatically generated from Conceptual Models previously gathered. The documentation generator 238 answers the need for information requests and queries performed on a Conceptual Model. The documentation generator 238 allows generation of queries, specific manuscripts or well-formed documents in order to document properly a project.

In a preferred embodiment, complete generation of Conceptual Model is generated in an ASCII format with OASIS syntax. OASIS is a formal specification in an object-oriented language. The OASIS specification comprises the part of the Conceptual Model related to analysis of the problem. Other parts, like interface patterns, are not included in the OASIS specifications.

Document generator provides, by default, general documents, services documents, and help documents. The general documents include a natural language specification description. The services documents include a detailed description of classes and services. The help documents contain an on-line help for generated prototypes.

The Documentation Generator uses as target languages some recognized standard formats for documentation: ASCII, plain text, navigational HTML with multiple documents, navigational HTML with one document, LaTeX, and Rich Text Format (RTF).

This Documentation System is scalable and can be extended to add a new kind of document or target language. Adding a new target language allows all defined documents to be generated with this new language. In the same way, adding a new document type will be generated to any supported target language.

In order to produce an OASIS specification, a process iterates over the information structures and writes to a file the corresponding text strings in the OASIS language. In the inner process, the iteration over the structures can be detailed as: (1) write specification headers; (2) For all class selected to be described: write its OASIS template (attributes, events, derivations, restrictions, preconditions, triggers and process); (3) for all global transaction, write its declaration and OASIS definition; and (4) write the end spec.

A document is generated in an intermediate block language (IBL). In such language the document is a block of document type and contains n child blocks. Recursively, by continence relation and having fixed a block taxonomy, documents can be defined based on block's structures. A block is a structure that contains the following properties: name, category, block type, block text, and list of contained blocks.

The generation is supported by an algorithm that implements loops iterating over the Conceptual Model following the order fixed by the document. In these iterations, the document is built creating and linking the blocks that constitute the document.

When the block structure is built, the resultant structure, a tree of blocks, is processed by a translator to convert it to a document in the selected target language. This algorithm using recursive descent analysis is capable to convert the blocks to tags in the target language depending on the information stored in the block and contained blocks.

As example, a block of type MM_SECCION1 and containing the text “Title” will be translated to the next string HTML equivalent: <H1>Title</H1>

Generating Full Applications

Accordingly, an automatic software production tool is described that captures information requirements, also referred to as “business processes” from a triple perspective: static, dynamic and functional. This allows system designers and analysts to fully capture every aspect of the reality they model.

System Logic Translator is then responsible for gathering all this information, which would have been previously validated to assure correctness and completeness, and automatically produce code that implements every aspect of the modeled reality. This system logic code has the following features:

The system logic code is complete and correct. Since information gathered by the System Logic Translator has been previously validated, produced code can be assured to be both complete and correct thanks to the set of translation recipes provided. The set of translation recipes cover every aspect that can be modeled by an analyst, so everything that can be expressed and captured in a Conceptual Model can be translated into source code. Every translation recipe assures for correct translation thus resulting in error-free source code.

The system logic code is for a full application, not just a prototype. Generated code can be compiled (with the appropriate compiler depending on the target programming language) and executed “as-is” because it is fully translated from the Conceptual Model information input. Generated code is not a mere collection of method skeletons but complete methods. Furthermore, no useless code is produced and no line of code is generated more than once. In addition to this, even being the generated code well structured and readable, comments can be automatically generated as a means of internal code documentation thus improving readability.

The system logic code is robust and includes error checking and handling. Correctness and completeness allow for the production of robust code. According to the information in the Conceptual Model, errors fall into two categories: model or internal errors and external errors. Internal errors correspond to properties that must hold at a given instant according to the Conceptual Model (e.g.: a precondition that does not hold, an integrity constraint, violation of a maximum cardinality of an aggregation relationship, etc.) External errors correspond to causes alien to the Conceptual Model (e. g.: a system failure, a database failure, . . . etc.).

The generated code handles errors according to this classification as follows: For internal errors, the system logic translator identifies every point where an internal error might occur then produces error checking and handling code to notify the client about such an error's occurrence. Again, internal errors can be categorized and given a specifically defined treatment, such as customizable error messages and error codes. For external errors, the system logic translator identifies every point where an external error might occur then produces error checking and handling code to notify the client about such an error's occurrence. Since external errors cannot be categorized, they are treated in the same standard way.

Therefore, the automatic production of error checking and handling code for every possible situation can assure any translation of a Conceptual Model to be robust.

The system logic code handles transactional behavior. The generated code presents transactional behavior in the sense that the code provides clients a well-defined interface, which allows them to request services from the system. Those services are executed in a transactional way: every input argument of the service must be provided by the client, then system logic performs the corresponding operations and replies to the client. Services in a Conceptual Model can be in turn decomposed into actions. The generated code assures for all actions composing a service be successfully accomplished or none of them. In addition, changes to objects affected by the actions a service is divided into do not effectively take place until all these actions have successfully terminated. Transactional behavior also enhances integration with legacy systems.

The system logic code is independent from the user interface. The generated code provides a well-defined interface allowing for clients to request services. But this interface does not depend on the clients interacting with it. This allows for a heterogeneous set of clients interacting with the same system logic. Thus, clients for a specific system logic need only know the interface it will present to them. This feature also enhances integration with legacy systems and decomposition of huge information systems or Conceptual Models into smaller ones, which, thanks to their well-defined interfaces, can interact with each other.

The system logic code is independent from the persistence layer. The generated code is responsible for interacting with the persistence layer implementing what is regarded as “persistence services”. These services are responsible for: adding, retrieving, updating, and deleting information in the persistence layer. These services are necessary for the system logic to perform its tasks but, in addition to this, system logic hides the persistence layer to clients by providing services to perform queries on the persistence layer. This implies that clients need not know the physical location of the persistence layer; need not know the structure of the persistence layer, because they are provided with services to perform queries on the persistence layer; need not be authorized users of the persistence layer because access to the persistence layer is entirely managed by the system logic; and need not even know that there is a persistence layer.

To sum up, the code automatically produced by the automatic software production system of one embodiment of the present invention corresponds to that of a true final software application, instead of that of just a prototype. To maintain this distinction, some of the differences between the generated system logic code from that of a prototype are explained.

(1) Completeness: A prototype does not fully cover functionality of an information system, nor is it intended for every possible flow of execution, while our automatically generated code, being a final application, totally covers the functionality captured in the corresponding Conceptual Model, as well as every possible flow of execution.

(2) Correctness: A prototype aims to verify user's needs and requirements and verify correctness of execution. The automatically generated code in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, on the other hand, aims to verify user's needs and requirements, for it is correctly generated.

(3) Robustness: A prototype is not robust, because the prototype is not produced with error checking and handling code. Rather, this code is not produced, typically by hand, until the very last step of codification, where user's needs and requisites have proven to be satisfied and a final application can then be produced. A final application, such is the case of our automatically generated code, must come with all the code necessary to assure robustness. Since this is usually codified by hand, programmers often forget to add such code in many places where needed. This leads to high costs of maintenance and disrupts the balance between system logic code and error checking and handling code. The system logic translators described herein provides all the necessary (and just than the necessary) code to deal with error checking and handling.

(4) Scalability: Prototypes are not scalable because they tend to be discarded during the process of validating user's needs and requisites. Final applications can be designed to be scalable because they aim to last much longer than a prototype. Nevertheless scalability implies following certain guidelines during design phase. With embodiments of the invention, system analysts need not worry about scalability because such a task falls under the System Logic Translator 232 responsibilities. So, analysts focus on analysis matters knowing that the resulting code will be scalable. Furthermore, different Conceptual Models translated by the System Logic Translator can interact with each other through their well-defined interfaces.

Appendix A attached is a set of power point slides printed on paper which explain the operation of the system and give some specific examples of key operations.

While this invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. 

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 22. A computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer-readable instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause said computer to perform the following process: provide user interface mechanisms by which said computer receives user input data which defines a mandatory creation event which creates an instance of a class, and by which a user can optionally enter user input data which defines a destruction event and by which a user can optionally enter input data which defines one or more modification events for said class, said class becoming part of an object model which is the part of a conceptual model which defines all the classes of said conceptual model, said conceptual model defining the functionality of a computer program to be automatically written (hereafter referred to as the target computer program), said user input data defining said creation event creating an instance of a class owning said creation event and defining constant and variable attributes of said class and providing an initial value for all said constant and variable attributes of said instance of said class which are required upon creation, said user input also establishing all required relationships with instances of classes related with the instance of the class owning said creation event, and wherein said destruction event eliminates all relationships between a given instance of a class owning said destruction event and related instances of classes which have relationships with said class and destroys the instance of the class owning said destruction event, and wherein said one or more modification events each uses user input to modify the values of one or more variable attributes of a given instance of the class owning said modification event, the effect of said modification events defined by one or more logical or mathematical valuations defined by user input data which affect the value of one or more variable attributes upon the occurrence of said modification event; converting said user input data into data structures which define an object model having a class having said creation event, and having said destruction and modification events if user input data was entered defining said destruction and modification events.
 23. The computer-readable medium of claim 22 wherein said computer-readable instructions control said computer to provide user interface mechanisms by which a user can enter user input data which defines said valuations as push-pop, state-independent or discrete domain types of valuations.
 24. The computer-readable medium of claim 22 wherein said computer-readable instructions control said computer to provide user interface mechanisms in the form of dialog boxes or any other user interface mechanism by which a user can enter user input data which defines said creation, destruction and modification events and said valuations.
 25. A computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer-readable instructions which, when executed by a computer cause said computer to perform the following process: providing user interface mechanisms by which a user can enter user input data that defines, for a user designated class, a valuation, an event, a variable attribute of said class and, if desired, a condition, said valuation being a formula or boolean expression which will affect the value of said variable attribute upon the occurrence of said event and the satisfaction of said condition if a condition was specified in said user input data, said class being part of a conceptual model which defines the functionality of a target computer program to be written automatically; and converting said user input data into data structures which define said valuation as part of a conceptual model of said target computer program to be automatically written.
 26. The computer-readable medium of claim 25 wherein said computer-readable instructions stored thereon control said computer to provide a user interface mechanisms by which users may enter user input data that defines the effect of said valuation using a user defined formula referred to as a “valuation effect” which can use constants, values of input arguments of said event, values of other attributes of the class owning the variable attribute or an ancestor of it, or values of attributes of classes or ancestors of classes related to the class owning the variable attribute, and wherein said computer-readable instructions control said computer to convert said user input data into one or more data structures which define said valuation effect formula.
 27. The computer-readable medium of claim 25 wherein said computer-readable instructions control said computer to provide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input data which defines said optional condition for said valuation with a Boolean formula referred to as a “valuation condition” that may be formed in accordance with user input data specifying the use of constants, values of input arguments of said event, values of other attributes of the class owning the variable attribute or an ancestor of it, or values of attributes of classes or ancestors of classes related with the class owning the variable attribute, and wherein said computer-readable instructions control said computer to convert said user input data into data structures which define said Boolean valuation condition formula.
 28. The computer-readable medium of claim 25 wherein said computer-readable instructions stored thereon control said computer to provide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input data which defines said valuation such that it has both a valuation effect formula and a valuation condition formula, said user interface mechanisms providing the opportunity to the user to enter user input data defining said valuation effect formula and said valuation condition formula by defining the valuation effect formula as the value said variable attribute affected by said valuation will take upon occurrence of said event providing the valuation condition formula evaluates to a Boolean value of true, and said instructions controlling said computer to convert said user input data to form one or more data structures which define said valuation which has both said valuation effect and said valuation condition.
 29. The computer-readable medium of claim 25 wherein said computer-readable instructions stored thereon control said computer to provide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input data which defines said valuation such that it has only a valuation effect formula, and no valuation condition formula defining, by means of said valuation effect formula, the value said variable attribute will take upon occurrence of said event unconditionally, and said instructions controlling said computer to convert said user input data into one or more data structures which implement said valuation in a conceptual model.
 30. The computer-readable medium of claim 25 wherein said computer-readable instructions stored thereon control said computer to provide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input data which defines said valuation such that it falls within one of the following three categories: push-pop, state-independent and discrete-domain, and said instructions controlling said computer to convert said user input data into one or more data structures which implement said valuation in the selected category.
 31. The computer-readable medium of claim 25 wherein said computer-readable instructions stored thereon control said computer to provide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input data which defines said valuation such that it falls within a push-pop category, said push-pop valuation being a valuation where said event which triggers said valuation increases or decreases the value of the variable attribute affected by said valuation by a given quantity or resets the value of the variable attribute affected by said valuation to a certain value, and said instructions controlling said computer to convert said user input data into one or more data structures which implements said push-pop valuation.
 32. The computer-readable medium of claim 25 wherein said computer-readable instructions stored thereon control said computer to provide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input data which defines said valuation such that it falls within a state-independent valuation category, wherein said state-independent valuation is one whose valuation effect formula provides a new value to the variable attribute affected by said valuation regardless of the value said variable attribute has at the time the event which triggers said valuation occurs, and said instructions controlling said computer to convert said user input data into one or more data structures which implement said state-independent valuation.
 33. The computer-readable medium of claim 25 wherein said computer-readable instructions stored thereon control said computer to provide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input data which defines said valuation such that it falls within a discrete domain category, wherein said discrete domain valuation is one whose valuation effect formula provides a new value for the variable attribute affected by said valuation depending upon the current value of said variable attribute, and said instructions controlling said computer to convert said user input data into one or more data structures which implement said discrete domain valuation.
 34. The computer-readable medium of claim 25 wherein said computer-readable instructions stored thereon control said computer to provide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input data which defines one or more said valuations each of which affects the value of the same variable attribute upon occurrence of the same event, regardless of the category of said valuation, if and only if one of said valuations and only one of them has only a valuation effect formula but no valuation condition formula, and the rest of them compulsorily have both a valuation effect formula and a valuation condition formula, and said instructions controlling said computer to convert said user input data into one or more data structures which implement said one or more valuations.
 35. A computer-readable medium having computer-readable instructions stored thereon, which, when executed by a computer, control said computer to provide a user interface mechanism which allow a user to enter user input data which defines a transaction which is a formula which expresses the composition of services which make up said transaction where a service is part of a class which is part of an object model which is part of a conceptual model of a target computer program to be automatically written and whose functionality is defined by said conceptual model, and wherein said transaction is a molecular execution unit expressed in terms of a formula that specifies services in the form of events or transactions which together comprise said molecular execution unit, and said instructions controlling said computer to convert said user input data into one or more data structures which implement said transaction.
 36. The computer-readable medium of claim 35 wherein said computer-readable instructions control said computer to provide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input data which defines said transaction in terms of a sequence and/or alternation of services, and said instructions controlling said computer to convert said user input data into one or more data structures which implement said transaction.
 37. The computer-readable medium of claim 35 wherein said computer-readable instructions control said computer to provide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input data which defines said transaction in terms of an “all-or-nothing” execution policy in the sense that the execution of every service comprising said transaction must be successful in creating changes to the state of the system defined by said conceptual model for the execution of said transaction to be successful, and the failure in execution of any service comprising said transaction in creating changes to the state of the system means failure in the execution of said transaction and causing an override of the changes to be made to the state of the system in that the changes made to the state of the system by any of the services comprising said transaction will be reversed, and wherein said computer-readable instructions control said computer to convert said user input data into one or more data structures implementing said “all-or-nothing” transaction.
 38. The computer-readable medium of claim 35 wherein said computer-readable instructions control said computer to provide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input data which defines said transaction as a local transaction wherein said one or more services which comprise said local transaction are events or transactions owned by the class or the ancestor of the class which owns said transaction which owns said transaction formula, or said one or more services which comprise said transaction are owned by classes related with the class owning the transaction which owns said transaction formula, and wherein said computer-readable instructions control said computer to convert said user input data into one or more data structures which implement said local transaction.
 39. The computer-readable medium of claim 35 wherein said computer-readable instructions control said computer to provide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input data which defines said transaction as a global transaction wherein said one or more services which comprise said global transaction are events and/or local transactions owned by any of the class in a conceptual model and/or global transactions.
 40. The computer-readable medium of claim 35 wherein said computer-readable instructions control said computer to provide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input data which defines said transaction as a local transaction, wherein said one or more services which comprise said local transaction have arguments whose value is determined in said transaction formula by contained formulas formed by constants, values of input arguments of said transaction, values of attributes of the class owning said transaction or an ancestor of it, or values of attributes of classes or ancestors of classes related with the class owning said transaction, and wherein said computer-readable instructions control said computer to convert said user input data into one or more data structures which implement said local transaction.
 41. The computer-readable medium of claim 35 wherein said computer-readable instructions control said computer to provide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input data which defines said transaction as a global transaction, wherein said one or more services which comprise said global transaction have arguments whose value is determined in said transaction formula by contained formulas formed by constants, values of input arguments of said transaction, or values of attributes of any class in said conceptual model, said computer-readable instructions also controlling said computer to convert said user input into one or more data structures which implement said global transaction. 